
- •1. History of English as a science
- •2. The object of the history of English
- •3. History of English. It’s connections with other aspects of English
- •4. The ancestry of English
- •5. Periods of the English language history
- •6. Old English period
- •7. Middle English period
- •8. Modern English period
- •9. Henry Sweet periodization of the English language
- •10. Synchrony and diachrony
- •11. Oe Phonetics
- •1. Breaking (fracture).
- •4. Back, or Velar Mutation
- •6. Contraction
- •6. West Germanic germination of consonants.
- •12. Word-stress. Its development through periods
- •13. Oe Vowels
- •2. Palatal mutation (I-mutation)
- •15. Me Phonetics
- •3. Changes in the system of consonants
- •4. Changes in the system of vowels
- •16. Me Changes in vowels
- •17. Me Changes in consonants
- •18. Me Changes in spelling
- •19. Great Vowel Shift
- •20. Ne Phonetics
- •21. The substantive on oe
- •22. The substantive in me
- •23. Ne Substantive
- •24. The pronoun in oe
- •25. The development of personal pronouns
- •26. The pronoun in me
- •27. Pronoun in ne
- •28. The Adjective in oe. Declension.
- •29. The Adjective in me and ne. Endings
- •30. The Adjective in oe. Degrees of comparison.
- •32. English verb and its categories in oe.
- •33. Strong verbs.
- •34. Weak verbs
- •35. Preterit-Present verbs and their development
- •36. English Verb and its further development in me
- •37. English Verb and its further development in ne
- •39. The Infinitive through history
- •40. The article.
- •41. The numerals. Its historical development
- •42. The adverb. Its historical development
- •43. Phrase through periods
- •44. Word Order through periods
- •45. British Dialects
- •46. The system of British dialects in diachrony.
- •47. British dialects in MnE.
- •48. Etymological survey of English Vocabulary
- •49. Main sources of borrowings
- •50. Oe vocabulary. Stylistic layers.
- •51. Word formation in oe.
- •52. Word formation in me and ne.
- •54. William Shakespeare and the national literary language.
- •55. Development of the English vocabulary in me.
- •56. Development of the English vocabulary in MnE.
- •57. Oe texts.
- •58. Me texts.
- •59. Beowulf
- •60. Canterbury Tales
24. The pronoun in oe
OE pronouns fell roughly under the same main classes as modern pronouns: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, definite\indefinite.
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns reserve the dual form (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.
1. Personal pronouns
1st person |
|||
|
Singular |
Plural |
Dual |
N |
ic, íc |
wé |
wit |
G |
mín |
úre |
uncer |
D |
mé |
ús |
unc |
A |
mec, mé |
úsic, ús |
uncit, unc |
2nd person |
|||
N |
þú |
gé |
git |
G |
þín |
éower |
incer |
D |
þé |
éow |
inc |
A |
þéc, þé |
éowic, éow |
incit, inc |
3rd person |
|||
N |
hé (masc.), héo (fem.), hit (neut.) |
híe (masc., neut.), héo (fem.) |
|
G |
his, hire, his |
hiera, heora |
|
D |
him, hire, him |
him |
|
A |
hine, híe, hit |
híe, héo |
|
2. Demonstrative pronouns ('I' means the instrumental case)
sé (that) |
||||
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Plural |
N |
sé |
séo |
þæt |
þá |
G |
þæs |
þæ're |
þæs |
þára |
D |
þæ'm |
þæ're |
þæ'm |
þám |
A |
þone |
þá |
þæt |
þá |
I |
þý, þon |
- |
þý, þon |
- |
þes (this) |
||||
N |
þes |
þéos, þíos |
þis |
þás |
G |
þisses |
þisse |
þisses |
þissa |
D |
þissum, þeossum |
þisse |
þissum |
þissum |
A |
þisne, þysne |
þás |
þis |
þás |
I |
þis, þys |
- |
þýs, þis |
- |
3. Interrogative pronouns
N hwá hwæt G hwæs hwæs D hwæ'm hwæ'm A hwone hwæt I - hwý, hwí
a) definite gehwá (every) - declined the same way as hwá gehwilc (each), ægþer (either), æ'lc (each), swilc (such) - all declined like strong adjectives sé ylca (the same) - declined like a weak adjective
b) indefinite sum (some), æ'nig (any) - both behave the same way as strong adjectives
c) negative nán, næ'nig (no, none) - declined like strong adjectives
d) relative þe (which, that) séþe (which, that) - they are not declined