- •2. Morphological structure of words. Types of morphemes. Morphological classification of words
- •3. Word as the main unit studied in lexicology. Its main characteristic features
- •4. Derivational structure of words
- •6. Synonyms, their classification
- •7. Two approaches to the definition of meaning
- •8. Antonyms and their classification
- •9. Meaning, correlation of meaning and concept. Types of meaning
- •Vinogradov: the meaning of a word can be:
- •3. Collegiationally and collocationally conditioned meanings are not free, but bound.
- •4. Phraseologically bound meaning.
- •10. Semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups
- •11. Dennotational and connatational meanings
- •12. Homonyms, their classification
- •13. Meaning and morpheme, types of morpheme's meaning
- •14. Compounding. Compound words and their classification
- •2.3.1 Compound Nouns
- •2.3.2 Compound Adjectives
- •15)Motivation and meaning. Types of motivation
- •16. Affixation as a way of enriching vocabulary. Classification of affixes
- •Infixes
- •17)Stylistic differentiation of words
- •18. Conversion as a way of forming new words. Semantic relation between pairs of words formed by conversion
- •19. Polysemy and semantic structure of the words
- •20. Phraseological units, their distinctive features. Criteria of differentiation of phraseological units and words. Classification of phraseological units.
- •Phraseology.
- •3 Types of lexical combinability of words:
- •2). Collocations.
- •3). Idioms
- •Semantic classification:
- •2 Criteria:
- •21. English outside of England (American, Canadian, Australian and other variants of English). Dialects
- •Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation
- •Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed romanic borrowings.
- •Germanic borrowings
- •23)Lexicography as a science
- •2. Dictionary: notion, functions, classification, components
- •24. Optional ways of forming new ways (abbreviation, blendings, and others).
- •Formation
- •Lexical selection
10. Semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups
Semantic fields
Conceptual sem fields - are parts of reality, singled out in human experience, closely meat sectors of voc-ry, each char-ed by a common concept.
Lexical units may be classified according to the concepts underlying their meaning. Sectors of vocabulary which comprise words characterised by a common concept as the common denominator of their meaning are called semantic (conceptual) fields. For example, the words enjoyment, gaiety, happiness, joy, passion, sorrow, etc. Belong to the semantic field of emotions. This field includes not only nouns, but also verbs (to love, to hate, to enjoy, etc.), such adjectives as merry, sorrowful, passionate, etc.
The words blue, red, yellow, black, etc. may be described as making up the semantic field of colours. The members of the semantic fields are not synonyms but all of them are joined together by some common semantic component — the concept of colours or the concept of feelings.
Thus the semantic field may be viewed as a set of lexical items in which the meaning of each is determined by the co-presence of the others.
It is argued that we cannot possibly know the exact meaning of the word if we do not know the structure of the semantic field to which the word belongs, the number of the members and the concepts covered by them, etc. The meaning of the word captain, e.g., cannot be properly understood until we know the semantic field in which this term operates — the army, the navy, or the merchant service.
11. Dennotational and connatational meanings
Denotational meaning
Proceeding with the semantic analysis we observe that lexical meaning may be analyzed as including denotational and connotational components. One of the functions of words is to denote things, concepts and so on. Users of a language cannot have only knowledge or thought of the object or phenomena of the real world around them, unless this knowledge is ultimately embodied in words, which have essentially the same meaning for all speakers of the language. This is the denotational meaning, i.e. that component of which the lexical meaning makes the communication possible.
Connotational meaning
The connotational meaning is the second component of lexical meaning.This component or the connotation includes the emotive charge and the stylistic value of the word.Emotive charge is a part of the connotational meaning of a word; e.g. a hovel denotes “a small house or cottage” and besides implies that it is a miserable dwelling place, duty in bad repair and, in general,unpleasant place to live in.When examing such groups of words as “large”, “big”, “tremendous” and
“like”, “love”, “worship” and “girl”, “girlie” we observe the difference in
the emotive charge of the words “tremendous”, “worship” and “girlie” is
heavier than those of words “large”, “like” and “girl”.
The emotive charge does not depend on the “feeling” of the individual
speaker, but is true for all speakers of English. The emotive charge is one
of the objective semantic features of word as linguistic units and forms
part of the connotational component of meaning.
But it should be confused with emotive implication that the words may
acquire in speech. The emotive implication of the word is to a great extent
selective as it greatly depends on the personal experience of the speaker,
the mental imagery the word envokes in him.
Значение Denotational
Продолжение семантического анализа, мы замечаем, что лексическое значение может
будьте проанализированы как, включая denotational и connotational компоненты. Один из
функции слов должны обозначить вещи, понятия и так далее. Пользователи a
язык не может иметь только знания или думал об объекте или явлениях
из реального мира вокруг них, если это знание в конечном счете не воплощено
в словах, у которых есть по существу то же самое значение для всех спикеров
язык. Это - значение denotational, то есть тот компонент который
лексическое значение делает коммуникацию возможной.
Значение connotational - второй компонент лексического значения. Этот компонент или коннотация включают эмоциональное обвинение и ценность thestylistic слова. Эмоциональное обвинение - часть connotational значение слова; например ahovel обозначает “маленький дом, или дом” и кроме того подразумевает что itis несчастное живущее место, обязанность в плохом ремонте и, вообще, неприятное место, чтобы жить в. Когда examing такие группы слов как "большой", "большой", "огромный" и "как", "любовь", "вероисповедание" и "девочка", "девчушка" мы наблюдаем различие inthe эмоциональное обвинение слов "огромный", "вероисповедание" и "девчушка" isheavier чем таковые из слов "большой", "как" и "девочка".the умственные образы слово envokes в нем.