- •2. Morphological structure of words. Types of morphemes. Morphological classification of words
- •3. Word as the main unit studied in lexicology. Its main characteristic features
- •4. Derivational structure of words
- •6. Synonyms, their classification
- •7. Two approaches to the definition of meaning
- •8. Antonyms and their classification
- •9. Meaning, correlation of meaning and concept. Types of meaning
- •Vinogradov: the meaning of a word can be:
- •3. Collegiationally and collocationally conditioned meanings are not free, but bound.
- •4. Phraseologically bound meaning.
- •10. Semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups
- •11. Dennotational and connatational meanings
- •12. Homonyms, their classification
- •13. Meaning and morpheme, types of morpheme's meaning
- •14. Compounding. Compound words and their classification
- •2.3.1 Compound Nouns
- •2.3.2 Compound Adjectives
- •15)Motivation and meaning. Types of motivation
- •16. Affixation as a way of enriching vocabulary. Classification of affixes
- •Infixes
- •17)Stylistic differentiation of words
- •18. Conversion as a way of forming new words. Semantic relation between pairs of words formed by conversion
- •19. Polysemy and semantic structure of the words
- •20. Phraseological units, their distinctive features. Criteria of differentiation of phraseological units and words. Classification of phraseological units.
- •Phraseology.
- •3 Types of lexical combinability of words:
- •2). Collocations.
- •3). Idioms
- •Semantic classification:
- •2 Criteria:
- •21. English outside of England (American, Canadian, Australian and other variants of English). Dialects
- •Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation
- •Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed romanic borrowings.
- •Germanic borrowings
- •23)Lexicography as a science
- •2. Dictionary: notion, functions, classification, components
- •24. Optional ways of forming new ways (abbreviation, blendings, and others).
- •Formation
- •Lexical selection
24. Optional ways of forming new ways (abbreviation, blendings, and others).
An abbreviation (from LatinLatin brevis, meaning short) is a shortened form of a word or phrasephrase . Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the wordabbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation abbr., abbrv. or abbrev.
In strict analysis, abbreviations should not be confused with contractionscontractions or acronymsacronyms (including initialisms), with which they share some semanticsemantic and phoneticphonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance.[1][1] :p167An abbreviation is a shortening by any method; a contraction is a reduction of size by the drawing together of the parts. A contraction of a word is made by omitting certain letters or syllables and bringing together the first and last letters or elements; an abbreviation may be made either by omitting certain portions from the interior or by cutting off a part; a contraction is an abbreviation, but an abbreviation is not necessarily a contraction. However, normally acronyms are regarded as a subgroup of abbreviations (e.g. by the Council of Science Editors).
Abbreviations can also be used to give a different context to the world itself, such as (PIN Number, wherein if the abbreviation were removed the context would be invalid)
Blends deal with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemeslexemes to form a new word. However, the process of defining which words are true blends and which are not is more complicated. The difficulty comes in determining which parts of a new word are "recoverable" (its root can be distinguished).[1]
There are many types of blends, based on how they are formed. Algeo, a linguist, proposed dividing blends into three groups[1][1] :
Phonemic Overlap: a syllable or part of a syllable is shared between two words
Clipping: the shortening of two words and then compounding them
Phonemic Overlap and Clipping: shortening of two words to a shared syllable and then compounding
However, classification of types of blends is not standard among all linguists.
Formation
Most blends are formed by one of the following methods:
The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other (see portmanteauportmanteau ). For example, brunchbrunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch.
simultaneous (5) + broadcast (2) → simulcastsimulcast (3, exception)
smoke (1) + fog (1) → smogsmog (1)
spoon (1) + fork (1) → sporkspork (1)
The beginnings of two words are combined. For example, cyborgcyborg is a blend of cybcyberneticcybernetic and orgorganismorganism .
Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For example, the word CalifornicationCalifornication , from a song by the Red Hot Chili PeppersRed Hot Chili Peppers , is a blend of CaliforniCaliforniaCalifornia and fornicationfornication , and the word motelmotel is a blend of motor and hotel
Multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds' order. Poet Lewis CarrollLewis Carroll was well known for these kinds of blends. An example of this is the word slithyslithy , a blend of lithelithe and slislimslimyslimy . This method is difficult to achieve and is considered a sign of Carroll's verbal witwit .[citation neededcitation needed ]
When two words are combined in their entirety, the result is considered a compound wordcompound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipebagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe.