3. The Passive Voice (Пассивный/страдательный залог)

Глагол в форме Passive Voice показывает, что подлежащее (лицо или предмет) само действие не выполняет, действие соверша­ется над ним, или направлено на него.

1. Passive Voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в личной форме и причастия П смыслового глагола.

to be (личн.ф.) + Participle II ( V3 (-ed)

Все видо-временные формы образуются от вспомогательного глагола to be.

I am often called. (Present Simple Passive) – Мне часто звонят.

I am being called. (Present Continuous Passive) – Мне сейчас звонят.

I have just been called. (Present Perfect Passive) – Мне только что позвонили.

3. В предложении формы Passive Voice являются сказуемым, которое может переводиться на русский язык следующими способами:

1) Текст был переведен.

The text was translated. 2) Текст переводился.

3) Текст перевели.

В английском языке подлежащим пассивной конструкции может быть не только прямое дополнение, но также и косвенное и даже предложное, в последнем случае предлог относится к подлежащему, а стоит после сказуемого.

The book was given to him. - Книгу дали ему. (прямое дополнение)

He will be given the book. - Ему дадут книгу. (косвенное дополнение)

The book is spoken about. - О книге говорят. (предложное дополнение)

Исполнитель действия либо вовсе отсутствует в предложении, либо выражается дополнением с предлогом by:

The experiment is being done by this student. - Эксперимент проводится этим студентом.

Exercises

I. Сравните следующие пары предложений и переведите их.

1. The teacher asks the students many questions. The students are asked many questions. 2. Не told them an interesting story. He was told an interesting story. 3. She visited her friends. She was visited by her friends. 4. I shall give you a good book. I shall be given a good book. 5. The rector will receive you at 3 o'clock. You will be received on Wednesday. 6. They will show us a new film tomorrow. They will be shown a new film tomorrow. 7. We shall meet our friends tomorrow. We shall be met by our friends. 8. They give us the possibility to study this new method. They are given the possibility to study this new method. 9. The workers train their pupils to use the new equipment. The workers are trained to use the new equipment.

2. Образуйте прошедшее и будущее время сказуемых следующих предложений:

1. Our students are given a lot of homework to do every day. 2. What kind of books are discussed in class? 3. Ivanov is often asked to translate articles from English into Russian. 4. How many houses are built in our city a year? 5. Why aren't these exercises done?

3. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующее время и залог.

1. The British Isles (to surround) by seas. 2. St. Peters­burg (to found) in 1703 on the River Neva. 3. The English Channel (to separate) Great Britain from the Continent. 4. Many new branches of light industry (to develop) in Great Britain after World War II. 5. Huge deposits of coal (to find) in Wales. 6. The British Isles (to comprise) Great Britain, Ireland and many small islands in the sea near the coast of Great Britain. 7. London (to divide) into two parts by the river. 8. A new library (to open) in our district next year. 9. Hew houses (to build) everywhere. 10. An interesting problem (to discuss) at the lecture. 11. This book (to take) from the library. 12. A new highway (to connect) the city with the airport.

4. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу.

Образец: What is bread cut with? - It is cut with a knife.

1. What are letters written with? 2. What is the floor covered with? 3. What is a door looked with? 4. What are our hands washed with? 5. What is a milk bottle filled with? 6. What is the earth excavated with? 7. What are houses built with? 8. What can glass be broken with?

5. a)Замените пассивную конструкцию предложений активной.

Образец: Letters are delivered by the postman. - The postman delivers letters.

1. Food is required by man and animal. 2. Information is given by the secretary. 3. The lecture was delivered by the pro­fessor. 4. Soviet sputniks were constructed by our engineers and scientists. 5. All the work will be done by automatic machinery.

b) Образуйте косвенное дополнение с предлогом "to".

Образец: Old people are paid pension by the Government. - The Government pays pension to old people.

1. Children are given presents on their birthday by parents. 2. Visitors were shown all the interesting places of the city by the guide. 3. George was given a new book by Peter. 4. Sick people are often brought fruit and flowers by friends. 5. The workers will be given instructions by the head engineer.

6. Заполните пропуски активной или пассивной формой глагола, данного в скобках.

1. People ... for their food and ... for their work. (pay) 2. Through the window we can ... the street and can ... from the street. (see) 3. It is easy to ... and unpleasant to ... . (criticize) 4. Children ... or ... in the bathrooms. (wash) 5. Small children cannot ... ; they must ... . (dress) 6. We can ... a letter in pencil but an application must ... only in ink. (write) 7. We ... soup with a spoon but meat ... with a fork. (eat)

7. Переделайте предложения в пассивную форму, не указывайте действующего лица, если подлежащее выражено местоимением. Опустите дополнение, выраженное местоимением “it”.

Образец: They (cranes) lift a heavy load and move it from one place to another. - A heavy load is lifted and moved from one place to another.

1. Builders and engineers design and erect apartment houses, schools, factories and hospitals. 2. They change an open ground into a densely populated area with multi-storeyed houses. 3. Builders use building equipment and operate it by electrici­ty, steam or compressed air. 4. Excavators excavate the earth and pile it on the ground. 5. Bulldozers level the site and make it suitable for building. 6. Powerful cranes lift heavy building materials to the desired level. 7. The workers put them into po­sition. 8. They assemble the houses of prefabricated panels in six months. 9. The secretary writes the letters and sends them to a necessary address. 10. Our students study chemistry, phy­sics and mathematics.

8. Определите, в каких предложениях сказуемое при переводе бу­дет выражено пассивной формой глагола. Переведите предложе­ния.

1. Хлеб режут ножом. 2. Машины режут металл. 3. Студенты дела­ют доклады. 4. Эксперты проводят исследование. 5. Стол покрыва­ют скатертью. 6. Цветы покрывают поле. 7. Русские читатели зна­ют современных (modern) английских и американских писателей. 8. Митчелла Уилсона знают во многих странах. 9. Моря и реки соединяют каналами. 10. Две улицы соединяют центр города с аэро­портом. 11. Мне сказали о собрании. 12. Нам прочли вчера очень интересную лекцию. 13. В нашей лаборатории десятиклассникам по­казали интересные опыты. 14. Этих студентов пошлют в Москву ле­том. 15. Об этой книге много говорят. 16. Над планом нашей практики много работали. 17. На труды И.П. Павлова часто ссылаются ученые.

ТЕКСТ 1

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое каждого предложения и определите форму сказуемого.

AT THE UNIVERSITY

This University was opened in Moscow in 1962. It is housed in new buildings in the South-West of Moscow.

The University was organized to help the new developing countries to train specialists needed for the development of their own industry. Young people from different countries who want to be trained in various branches of science are admitted to the University. It trains them for five years. Natives from more than seventy countries are admitted every year. Their fares to Moscow and back to their native countries after graduation are paid by the state. Students are paid stipend, have hostel accommodation. All of them are supplied with warm winter clothes and given text-books. As all the lectures are delivered in Rus­sian, which the students are unable to understand, the first year may be spent at the Preparatory Faculty where the Russian language is taught as the main subject. There are students who master it in nine months sufficiently well to be able to understand a question when addressed in fluent Russian and be well understood themselves.

Special studies in mathematics, physics, chemistry and other subjects are arranged for students who are insufficiently pre­pared to study at a higher school.

The Engineering Faculty provides courses in mechanical engi­neering, power machine building, civil engineering, geology, and exploration and exploitation of mineral deposits.

What are the students required? Every student is required to work hard, he is not allowed to miss a single day of his study. Lectures and classes start at nine in the morning. As a rule, the students have three subjects a day. At three o'clock class­es end, but many students stay in the University building and spend there some hours more. Some visit the library, others go to study rooms and laboratories where they will always find a teacher to give them help.

9. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на то, какой па­дежной формой русского существительного переводится подле­жащее.

1. The temperature at which water freezes to ice is taken as 0°C. 2. Books by our classics are asked at any library. 3. Young workers are taught new methods of work. 4. Astronomy is taught to schoolchildren. 5. Workers are paid twice a month. 6. Much attention is paid to education in our country. 7. Newspapers are delivered to all parts of the country. 8. All the collective farms are delivered books on agronomy. 9. The children of Sparta were given a military education. 10. The boy was told to be back at home at 6 o'clock.

10. Переведите следующие предложения (помните, что сказуемые в них не могут быть выражены в русском языке глаголом в стра­дательном залоге).

1. All the letters are answered by the secretary. 2. This question must be answered by every student. 3. The telegram was answered immediately. 4. His room cannot be entered from the kitchen. 5. The settlement cannot be approached from the river. 6. The city was approached by the enemy from two sides. 7. The story was listened to with great interest. 8. This instrument is preferred to all others because of its great reliability. 9. You are required to the director immediately. 10. Lectures are always followed by practical work.

11. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы, требующие после себя определенных предлогов: to look at - смотреть на; to listen to - слушать что-л.; to look for - искать что-л., кого-л.; to speak about smth - говорить о чем-л.; to look after - присматривать за; to take сare of – заботиться о ком-л.; to look through – просматривать; to send for - посылать за; to work at - работать над ; to refer to - ссылаться на; to wait for - ждать кого л. ; to pay attention to – обращать внимание на.

1. Не was listened to with great pleasure. 2. The documents were sent for a week ago. 3. This poet is much spoken about. 4. The child was looked for everywhere. 5. Her children will be taken care of. 6. You are always waited for. 7. The picture was attentively looked at. 8. This book is often referred to. 9. The work of this student was paid attention to. 10. This plan was carefully worked at. 11. She looked after her little sister, when her mother was at work. 12. He looked through the morning news­papers at breakfast.

12. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные гла­гольные формы. Укажите, какие элементы этих форм различаются и какие совпадают. Какое значение они придают действию?

1. The chemist is heating the liquid. The earth is heated by the sun. 2. She pressure of the air is measured with a mano­meter. The road builders are measuring length of the road. 3. Our industry is developing. This tree is fully developed. 4. Electricity is transmitted through a wire. This device is transmitting the electric current. 5. The workers are asking many questions. The workers are asked many questions. 6. The man was looking at. the new tools. The man was looked at. 7. The stu­dents were bringing the books. The students were brought the books. 8. This writer will be speaking about his work. This writer will be spoken about.

13. Переведите предложения, определите время и залог сказуемого. 1. The work on the apparatus is almost finished. The work on the apparatus is being finished. The staff of the laboratory is finishing the work on the apparatus, The plans are usually dis­cussed _tat the beginning of the year. 2. They are discussing the plans of the next year. The plans of the next year are being discussed at the meeting 3 While he was having dinner, his car was being cleaned» (clean - чистить ) Do you no who was cleaning the car? Was your car cleaned well? 4. The problems were worked at. The groups of experts were working at the prob­lems. These problems are being worked at in numerous research institutes.

14. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на видо-временную форму сказуемого.

1. When he met me I was going to the Institute and had little time to talk to him. 2. "What's your little brother doing?" "He is still sleeping." 3. She was sitting there doing nothing. 4. Next Monday we'll only be working five hours. 5. The construc­tion of the road was being completed when the commission arrived. 6. Automation is being increasingly used in all the branches of our industry. 7. A new car was being looked at. 8. When I come home the family will be watching the TV programme. 9. A new hydro-electric station was being built when we came there to have practice. 10. What questions are being discussed now?

15. Замените сказуемое в форме Continuous Active на Continuous Passive (дополнение становится подлежащим предложения). Образец: The workers are building a new school. – A new school is being built.

1. The doctor is examining a sick child. 2. People are watching the flight of the sputnik. 3. The radio is transmitting a music programme. 4. The driver is washing the car. 5. The com­mission is discussing the plan. 6. Builders were completing a, new deep-level tunnel. 7 The commission was considering numerous questions. 8. A strange-looking man was following Mary all the way home. 9. They are using automation at hydro-electric stations. 10. They were building the hydro-electric station when 1 came here. 11. The professor was delivering the lecture when I approached the lecture hall.

TEKСТ 2

Прочитайте и переведите текст, найдите сказуемое каждого пред­ложения, определите его форму.

ATOMIC POWER

The application of atomic power in electronics to the gene­ration of electricity is becoming increasingly broader. Today it is a vital necessity as it is the only known potential ca­pable to meet mankind's growing requirements in electric power. Natural fuels like coal, gas and oil are being drained with ap­palling rapidity. The first atomic power plant was put into ope­ration in Obninsk near Moscow. Now seve­ral similar plants are operating and their aggregate capacity amounts to a million kilowatts. Some more plants are being built in different parts of our country. They will supply local areas with electricity and heat as well. Such science as chemistry is making much use of atomic energy. It accelerates a number of reactions so that the latter do not require complicated equip­ment and make the work of the staff much easier. Ionising radiation helps to obtain materials with new properties. Rubber exposed to radiation becomes much more ther­mostable, automobile tyres increase their service life, glass becomes stronger and resists high temperatures, wood acquires a number of properties making it resemble metal. Metallurgists use atomic instruments to control their operations and the state of some processes in blast furnaces. Isotope instruments measure the thickness of sheet metal, detect faults in metal and do many other jobs in metallurgy. Geologists use nuclear instruments to accelerate the test of minerals and to study the earth's geology and the noon's structure. A nuclear instrument was carried by the moon's man-made satellite. It permitted to investigate the composition of the surface of the moon from a considerable distance. Nuclear physical instruments guard the space pilot against the influence of cosmic rays. Flights to distant planets are hardly possible without the use of atomic power as means of propulsion and a power source for the space ship. Direct transformation of atomic power into electricity is a very promising field for outer space energetics.

The Arctic ocean is covered with ice most of the time. The atomic-driven ice breakers use atomic power to keep the navigation season open throughout the year.

Another important application of atomic power is in agricul­ture. The exposure of seeds to radiation in some cases improves the quality of seeds and gives an increase in yield.

One may ask if this wide application of atomic power does not affect man's health. The answer is that every field of the peace­ful application of atomic energy is well studied from the point of safety. Now it is the matter of specific attention and there are rules which guarantee man's safety.

IV. THE PERFECT TENSE (Совершенное действие)

I. Глагольные формы Perfect Tense выражают действие, которое закончилось к какому-либо определенному моменту времени в настоящем, будущем или прошедшем, т.е. действие законченное, завершенное.

2. Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have, который изменяется по временам, лицам и числам, т.е. стоит в личной форме, и Причастия II смыслового глагола.

to have (личн. ф.) + Participle II (V3/Ved)

I have finished this work. - Я закoнчил эту работу (к настоящему

моменту).

3. В предложении формы Perfect Tense являются сказуемым. На русский язык переводятся глаголом прошедшего времени совер­шенного вида.

The student has translated this text. - Студент перевел этот текст.

Часто времена совершенного действия используются со следующими наречиями, предлогами и обстоятельствами времени (их можно назвать сигнальными словами):

Just, already, yet (в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях), ever, never, of late / lately/ recently, for, since, by (к), this morning (week, year), today.

Примечание: Формы Present Perfect (настоящего совершенного времени) на русский язык переводятся глаголом прошедшего вре­мени совершенного вида, т.к. обозначают действие, завершенное к настоящему моменту.

The teacher has already come. - Преподаватель уже пришел.

PERFECT PASSIVE (Пассивные формы Perfect)

I. Глагольные формы Perfect Tense Passive Voice выражают действие, которое совершилось над подлежащим и закончилось к какому-либо определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.

2. Perfect Passive образуется при помощи вспомо­гательного глагола to have в личной форме, Причастия П вспомога­тельного глагола to be в личной форме + bееn + причастия П смыслового глагола.

to have (личн. ф.)+ been + Participle II (V3/Ved)

The work has been finished. - Работа закончена (к настоящему моменту).

3. В предложении эти формы являются сказуемым.

The students have been asked many questions. – Студентам задали много

вопросов.

The car will have been repaired by Friday. - Автомобиль отремонтируют до пятницы.

Exercises

1.Сравните следующие пары предложений и скажите, чем они отлича­ются. Переведите их.

1. Не came by car yesterday. He has just come by car. 2. They did not go to Kiev last year. They have never been to Kiev. 3. I knew him in 1970.1 have known him since 1970. 4. They were learning the new English words when I came into the room. They had already learnt the new English words when I came into the room. 5. We shall finish the work tomorrow. We shall have finished the work tomorrow by 5 o'clock. 6. I saw him yesterday. I have just seen him. 7. He is reading a book. He has already read the book. 6. I did not see this film. I have never seen this film. 9. I did not see her there in September. I have not seen her since September. 10. John is trying to learn driving. John has tried to learn driving this year.

2.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемого.

а) 1. Chemists have made special steels which are widely used in industry. 2. The sun has set and it is quite dark. 3. After he had completed his drawing he gave it to the engineer. 4. He has had two lectures today.

b) 1. Have they solved all the problems of the experiments 2. Have all the students taken part in the discussion? 3. Have you ever seen such computers? 4. Have you ever been to Kiev? 5. Have you had much work this week?

c) 1. The members of the expedition have not collected much material. 2. We have never seen Pluto without a telescope. 2. No man has yet reached the astrosphere. 3. He has not yet listened to tape-recordings. 4. She has never been here. 5. I have never known this scientist.

3. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу, пользуясь словами в скобках: Образец: Who was admitted to the University? (to pass the ent­rance examinations) - Everyone who had passed the ent­rance examinations was admitted to the University.

1. Who was given a diploma? (to graduate from the Institute) 2. Who was granted a stipend? (to get excellent marks in all subjects) 3. Who was given a pension? (to work twenty years) 4. Who was allowed to he present at the Congress? (to get ah invitation ticket) 5. Who was sent to a sanatorium?! (to pass a medical examination) 6. Who was shown the examination require­ments? (to come to the entrance commission) 7. Who knows the results of the experiment? (to take part in the experiment)

ТЕКСТ 1

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое каждого предложения, определите форму сказуемого.

JOHN BLACK

We have met lots of new people at the conference this week. We have had lots of interesting talks and sometimes heated (жаркий) discussions with во many of them. However, John Black’s life story has impressed all of us most. Of all the people I have ever met in my life he is, no doubt, one of the most in­teresting personalities, John Black is an old man. He is an environmentalist and works in forestry. He has lived a very interesting and dramatic life.

John Black was born into a very large and poor Scottish family. He has tried all kinds of Jobs. He was a miner, a worker at a plant, a docker. As a sailor he went to the Far East and then travelled to the Middle East. He has learnt to speak five or six foreign languages. He says that he has walked in every public park of every civilized or uncivilised country of Europe and Middle East. He has slept in the poorest beds of the poorest hotels in the best cities of the richest countries and sometimes even in the finest streets of these cities or in the forests of these countries. In his travels about the world he has eaten almost everything eatable and he has used every means of trans­port including animals.

He says he has had little schooling, but he has done a lot of walking around - and he has read a lot too. In the days of the Second World War he happened to be in France and he was fighting against fascists in the ranks of the French Resistance.

After the war he moved to Scotland and settled there. He said: “Seven of the wonders I have seen but the only place is my Home and the forests I love so much”.

4. Сравните пары предложений, скажите, чем они отличаются, и переведите их.

1. The pupils have answered all the questions. The pupils have been answered all the questions. 2. The students have left the laboratory. Some students have been left in the laboratory to finish the experiment. The expedition has been sent to Central Asia. The expedition has been sent all the necessary equipment. 4. This experiment has completed the series of experiments, started last year. The experiment had been completed by the end of the year. 5. This plan has changed our opinion about this engineer. This plan has been already changed by the head engineer. 6. The temperature has been very high. The tem­perature has been maintained at 20°C since the beginning of the experiment. 7. This new apparatus has already brought much pro­fit. This new apparatus has been brought to the laboratory.

5. Определите, какой формой (активной или пассивной) выражено сказуемое, и переведите предложения.

1. Next year by this time we shall have constructed the new House of Culture in our city. 2. By the end of next summer the navigation along the new canal will have been opened. 3. By the time of your coming we shall have finished our work. 4. By the first of October all the materials will have been systematised.

6. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. How many students have been admitted to the Institute this year? 2. What weather has been reported for tomorrow? 3 .What hydroelectric station has been built on the Enisei? 4. What has been photographed by the automatic laboratory in space? 5. What synthetic materials have been produced from che­micals? 6. Has he been shown her photo?

7. Заполните пропуски пассивной формой глагола-сказуемого из первого предложения. Переведите предложения. Обратите вни­мание на место отрицания " not " в пассивных формах.

1. Our engineers have built a new power station. The sta­tion ... on the Angara. 2. Builders have founded a settlement for the workers. The settlement. ... in the locality of the power station. 3. The power station has supplied the settlement with electrical energy. The settlement ... with light . 4. Our school has organized an excursion to places of historical inte­rest. The excursion .. for the children. 5. The Oxford Univer­sity has trained many famous English people. They ... at diffe­rent colleges of Oxford. 6. I have not found my watch. It ... yet.

8. Заполните пропуски глаголами, данными в скобках, поставив их в Present Perfect Active или Passive.

1. The house where I live ... this year (build). 2. The city authorities ... a new club (build). 3. Moat of our rivers ... with canals (connect). 4. The Volga-Balt canal ... the Baltic and the Black Sea (connect). 5. What ... you ... yourself and what ... by your comrades (do)? 6. The new methods of agriculture ... good results (bring). 7. Coffee ... from Brazil (bring) 8. Who ... the letter (bring)? 9. All the streets in our new cities ... with asphalt (pave). 10. The flight of our space pilots ... a strong impression upon the whole world (make).

9. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте Present Simple или Present Perfect.

1. Look! They (to stop). 2. I (to want) to see you. I (not to see) you for ages!

3. What (to be) your name? – My name (to be) always Cole. 4. You (to read) this book? – Yes. – What you (to think) of it? 5. I (not to be) to a zoo before. It (to be) a nice feeling to go somewhere you never (to be) before. 6. You (to know) Nick? – Yes. – How long you (to know) him? – I (to know) him for ten years. 7. There (to be) a lot of things I (to want) to do for a long time and I (not to do) them. 8. You (to realize) we (to know) each other for quite a period of time now? 9. You (to know) the girl who just (to leave) the shop? – Yes, that (to be) Bella York. – She (to be) a customer of yours? – Not, exactly. She (to be) here several times, but she never (to buy) anything. 10. Come in, I (to be) awake since sun-up. .

10. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте Past Simple или Present Perfect.

1. She just (to go out). 2. She (to leave) the room a moment ago. 3. We (not yet to solve) the problem. 4. When it all (to happen)? 5. The morning was cold and rainy, but since ten o’clock the weather (to change) and now the Sun is shining brightly. 6. Show me the dress which you (to make). 7. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud (to cover) the sky. 8. Oh, close the window! Look, all my papers (to fall) on the floor because of the wind. 9. When you (to open) the window? – I (to open) it ten minutes ago. 10. The Sun (not to rise) yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute.

11. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте Past Perfect или Past Simple.

1. The flat was empty when he arrived. Everybody ………… (to go) to the

party. 2. There were voices heard from the kitchen, so I………….(to go) straight there. 3. He cannot take part in the competition. He……………(to break) his leg yesterday. 4. There was an accident at the mountain top. Some skier (to break) his leg and the ambulance men were carrying him to the road. So we …………(to stop) to let them pass.

12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя Future Perfect Tense.

Образец: Will you still be busy if I call you at six? (to finish).

Oh, no, we will have finished by that time.

1. Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow? (to move to their new house. 2. Will you be discussing the plan at 2 o’clock? (to make a decision). 3.Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning? (tofinish). 4. Will your brother still be a student next autumn? (to graduate). 5. Will you still remember me in five years? (to forget). 6. Will he be at home on Saturday? (to leave for Scotland). 7.Will she be expecting your call tomorrow morning? (receive my letter). 8.Will you be having a lesson when I come home? (to go to the swimming-pool).

13. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Твои друзья будут в Англии, когда ты приедешь туда летом? – Я уверен, что они уже вернутся из южной Африки. 2. Подожди меня! Я не взяла деньги. 3. Войдя в комнату, он увидел Анну там, где её оставил. 4. Я напишу это письмо к тому времени, как придет секретарь. 5. Я только что была у зубного врача и чувствую себя намного лучше. 6. Он говорит неправду. Он не сделал уроки. 7. Он не прочел и полкниги, как заявил, что она ему не нравится. 8. У нас только что было собрание. Мы успели обсудить многие вещи. 9. Поезд уже уйдет к тому времени, когда мы придем на станцию. 10. К 20 июня мы сдадим все экзамены.

14. Переведите, пользуясь словами "должно быть", "возможно", "вероятно".

1. Some facts about electricity must have been known long before our era. 2. The strength and safety of ancient bridges could have been verified by expert mathematicians. 3. The idea of a knife may have been given to man by a sharp stone used for cutting. 4. The first tools must have served for defence against man's enemies. 3. The prototype of a stone house maу have been a natural cave.

15. Переведите предложения и определите время глагола-сказуемого.

1. We have been reading the newspaper for two hours. 2. He has been working at our mill since 1933. 3. By the first of September he will have been working at our mill for 34 years. 4, They had been playing tennis for two hours when we came to the park. How long have you been playing tennis? 6. It had been raining for some days when we started on our expedition. 7. How long had you been speaking English when you entered our Institute?

16. Напишите предложения в вопросительной форме.

1. We have been observing Mars for a long time. 2. He had been studying English for some years when he entered our Insti­tute. 3. My friend has been playing football for a long time. 4. The expedition starts next month. It is being supplied with all necessary equipment. 5. He is making a report. 6. The new appa­ratus has already been installed in the laboratory. 7. A delegation of English engineers has come to our mill. 8. They are being shown our shops and labora­tories. 9. The experiment had been completed by the end of the year. 10. Her plans have been already changed.

15. Переведите предложения, определите форму глагола-сказуемого.

1. Не has been interested in history since his childhood. 2. The positive results hadn't been obtained until a more power­ful apparatus was installed. 3. They have already determined the main properties of the substance. 4. The explanation of these strange facts hasn't been furnished yet. 5. He has been offered a very interesting job at that institute. 6. 1 was very busy with my work so 1 had to refuse to take part in the expedition. 7. All necessary information is being stored in the computer. 8. What substance must be added to the solution? 9. The discove­ry of these rays may cause great changes in modern technology. 10. After careful consideration of your r port we shall be able to point с it to you all the defects it contains. 11. The prob­lem of the future of human civilisation on the Earth is being steadily researched by the scientists throughout the world.

Обзорные упражнения:

1. Переведите следующие предложения и объясните употребление того или иного времени в каждом из них.

1. When I came into the laboratory at 10 o'clock, my friend was making an interesting experiment. How it is one o'clock - my friend is still making his experiment. How long has he been working in the laboratory? 2. When did you get your diploma? -I got my diploma last year. What have you been doing since that time? - I have been working at the factory. Have you ever worked at a factory before? - Yes, 1 have. I had worked at the factory before I entered the Institute. if-had been wooing there for three years by that time. 3. Water boils at 100°C. What is boil­ing on that gas stove? -This is water. It is being boiled for Comrade N's experiment. He has already boiled some litres of water.

2. Переведите предложения и определите, какой формой глагола (время, залог) выражено сказуемое.

1. His work was being looked upon as useless. 2. The ques­tion about the new laboratory was being discussed at a special meeting. 3. We had been discussing the question for come time, when you came to the meeting. 4. Different kinds of fruit are being grown in the Polar zone. 5. By the fifth of March you will have been working in our shop for two years. 6. The work is due* being finished. 7. Water which contains harmful bacteria is boiled. 8. While the water is boiling all the bacteria die, as they cannot live at the temperature of boiling water. 9. While the water is being boiled some of it is becoming steam. 10. Many new houses are built in our city.

3. Переведите следующие предложения, определите форму сказуемого.

1. These data were not included into the paper. 2. The labo­ratory is provided with the most modern equipment. 3. Researches conducted in the laboratory are usually followed with great inte­rest. 4. This new method is being widely discussed. 5. References to this work have been often made lately. 6. These two under­ground lines will be linked in the nearest future. 7. The scien­tists working there are well-known in our country as well as abroad. 8. What is the text concerned with? 9. Very little re­search has been done in the field. 10. An interesting and very important experiment was being made at that hour. 11. This pro­blem is being given much attention о at present.