31. Metaphor (trite, genuine, prolonged), personification.

Metaphor is used to denote the transference of meaning from one word to another, and to designate the process in which a word acquires a derivative meaning. Two phenomena of life are brought to mind by the imposition of some (or all) the properties of one object on the other, deprived of them. Trite (fixed) – predictable, fixed in dictionaries. ▲ legs of the table; winter comes. Genuine: (fresh) unique, unexpectable. ▲ The house was a white elephant but he couldn’t conceive of his father in a smaller place. - describes the size and enigma of the house. Prolonged: if a sentence contains a group of metaphors; consists of principal and contributory images. Metaphors may be prolonged through a group of other lexical stylistic devices. Personification: attribution of personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions. A thing is presented as a human being. ▲ I’m the Daughter of Earth and Water.

24. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices (onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance).

A phoneme has a strong associative and sound-instrumenting power. Due to its articulatory and acoustic properties certain ideas, feelings, images are awaken. It’s vivid in poetry. Onomatopoeia (sound imitation) is a combination of speech sounds which imitate sounds produced in nature (wind) by things (tools), by people (laughing), by animals (barking). ▲ plink, plink, fizz.

Direct onomatopoeia: words which imitate natural sounds. ▲ buzz. Indirect: combination of sounds which makes the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense. ▲ Камыши шуршат в тиши. Alliteration: repetition of similar consonant sounds in close succession. ▲ Functional, fashionable, formidable. Assonance: repetition of similar vowel sounds, usually in stressed syllables. ▲ Grace, space,pace.

33. Epithets (semantic and structural classification).

Epithet is an attributive word, phrase or even sentence employed to characterise an object by giving it subjective evaluation. Epithets are predominantly expressed by

a) adj and adv: his triumphant look, he looker: triumphantly,

b) Participle I and Part П: the frightened moment

c) nouns: a lemon moon which may be used as exclamatory sent'. E. characterizes the object pointing out some of its peculiar properties or features. It is subjective, emotive and evaluative.

There are different semantic classifications of epithets in modern stylistics I.R. Galperin distinguishes associated epithets, employed to point to a feature which is to a certain extent inherent in the concept of the object: dark forest, dreary midnight and unassociated epithets, used to characterize the object by adding a new striking feature: heartburning smile, bootless cries.

From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets can be: simple (cruel thunder), compound (wonder-happy), phase, sentence, inverted. From the point of view of distribution in the sentence epithets are classified into: single epithets: accusing finger;string of epithets: grant him bloody, luxurious, false.

Allegory is a variety of metaphor and means expressing abstract ideas through concrete pictures. Allegory is mainly used in fiction and appears only in a text, no matter how short it may be (e.g. proverbs, fables or fairy tales).