Building a sample
Kozinsky 1979, 1985 (Исаак Шаевич Козинский)
5000 languages in the world. The linguistic properties can be observed in 100 languages sample.
The probability of one property to be observed in all languages is expressed in proportion 100/5000=0.02
3. Typology in the broader sense is concerned with the study and classification of any selected human activities and products.
Linguistic Universal is a feature or property shared by all or majority of the languages.
Absolute universals (Л.В.Щерба)
Statistical universals
Phonological universals. (Р.Якобсон, J.Greenberg)
Grammatical universals. SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS. Of these six only three occur as dominant orders: SVO, SOV, VSO, in which the subject precedes the object.
References:
Гринберг, Дж. Некоторые грамматические универсалии, преимущественно касающиеся порядка значимых элементов / Дж. Гринберг // Зарубежная лингвистика: в 3 ч. / общ. ред. В.А. Звегинцева и Н.С. Чемоданова. – М.: Прогресс, 1999. – Ч. II. - С. 160-208
Козинский И.Ш. Некоторые грамматические универсалии в подсистемах выражения субъектно-объектных отношений: Автореф. дис. канд. филол. наук. М., 1980а.
Chomsky, Noam (1957): Syntactic Structures. Mouton. the Hague.
Keenan&Comrie2 1977 The Acquisition of Relative Clauses in Relation to Language Typology
Hawkins, J. A. A Parsing Theory of Word Order Universals // Linguistic Inquiry 21 (199), pp. 223—261
Hawkins, J. A. A performance theory of order and constituency Cambridge University Press, 1994 – p. 496
Stowell, Tim (1981): Origins of Phrase Structure. PhD. dissertation. MIT. Cambridge, Mass.
Stowell, Tim (1983): Subjects across categories. The Linguistic Review 2. 285–312.
Wierzbicka, Anna. 1996. Semantics: Primes and universals. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press