Voicing

[v],[ð],[z],[ʒ] are fully voiced in word initial position before the vowels as in veal, these.

in word final position they are partly devoiced (with, love)

[f]-«f,ff,ph,gh»-fat, photo ,sniff, enough.

[v] -«v,f,ph»-vast, cover ,brave ,of

[s]-«s,ss,c,sc,x»-size, science, lacy ,hoarce, pass ,axe

[v] –« s,ss,z,zz,x» -zero ,lazy ,roses ,scissors, dizzy ,exact, mews

[h] is constrictive fricative, glottal, voiceless.

[h] occurs in word initial and word medial positions/

[h] «h,wh» -how,hat,who,behave.

Allophones

The partly devoiced [v],[ ð],[z],[ʒ] occur in final positions: drive ,give, with, his, rouge.

7.Occlusive-constrictive consonants (affricates)

There are only two affricates in English: [ч,д ж]. In Russian we have [ч’,ц]. They are occlusive-constrictives because a complete obstruction to the stream ot air is formed and it is released slow- ly, with friction. [ч,ж] are bicentral. They have two narrowings, both flat, the second focus being between the front part of the tongue and the hard palate (front secondary focus).

Place of Articulation. (ч,дж] are palato-alveolar, forelinqual apical.

Force of Articulation. [ч] is strong (fortis), |дж] is weak (lenis).

Voicing. |дж] is fully voiced in word initial position before a vowel or in intervocalic position, eg Jack , pigeon. In word final position it is partly devoiced [дж), eg George. |ч) is voiceless in all positions.

Vowels before [ч) are shorter ^{than before (дж) eg pitch — ridge.}

(ч,дж) are palato-alveolar, they are slightly palatalized, because the front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate, but before front and mixed, close or mid-open vowels they are clearer than before back ones. Cf: chance — cheese, just — gist.

(ч,дж) occur in word initial, medial, final positions

(ч) — spelt “ch, tch, ture, tion", eg chair, question, nature, match

(дж) — spelt “j, q, dq, qq, dj, de, di, ch”, eg join, gem, margin, adjacent, soldier. edge, age. Norwich

(ч,дж) an occlusive-constrictive, forelinqual, apical, palato-alveolar, bicentral (ч) is strong and voiceless, (дж) is weak and voiced. In word final position it is partially devoiced.

Articulation. 1. The tip of the tongue touches the back part

tit the teeth ridge.

2. The front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard

J›.ilate forming the front secondary focus (a flat narrowing).

2. The soft palate is raised so that the breath is trapped for a

short time (because of the complete obstruction between the tonque-tip and the teeth ridge) then the obstruction is released slowly and the friction is heard.

2. The lips are slightly rounded.

8.Occlusive nasal sonorants

Sonorants are sounds produced with the tone prevailing over noise. The air passage is rather wide when they are produced.

Sonorants consonants are subdivided into nasal and oral, depending on the position of the soft palate which directs the air stream. If the soft palate is lowered the air escapes through the nose and the sounds are nasal: [m, n, ɳ].

[m] is occlusive because the air stream meets a complete obstruction in the mouth;

nasal because the soft palate is lowered and the air stream goes through the nose;

bilabial because it is produced with the help of both lips; the v.c. vibrate.

Allophones.

[m] sounds longer when placed:

• at the end of an isolated word – dim [dɪm:]

• or a sense-group after a short vowel – lambs [læm:z]

• or before a voiced consonant or a vowel – mole [m:oul]

[m] sounds shorter when placed:

• before a voiceless consonant – lamp [læmp]

[n] is occlusive, nasal, forelingual apical alveolar because articulated with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth ridge.

Allophones.

[n] sounds longer when placed:

• at the end of an isolated word – tin

• or a sense-group after a short vowel – send

• or before a voiced consonant or a vowel – net

[n] sounds shorter when placed:

• before a voiceless consonant – sent

[ɳ] is occlusive, nasal, backlingual velar because produced with the back part of the tongue raised towards the soft palate.

Allophones.

[ɳ] sounds longer when placed:

• at the end of an isolated word – sing

• or a sense-group after a short vowel - singing

• or before a voiced consonant or a vowel

[ɳ] sounds shorter when placed:

• before a voiceless consonant – sink