5. Перекладіть поданий нижче текст українською мовою.

In economics, utility is a measure of the relative satisfaction from consumption of goods. A consumer's utility is hard to measure. However, we can determine it indirectly with consumer behaviour theories, which assume that consumers will strive to maximize their utility. Utility is a concept that was introduced by Daniel Bernoulli. He believed that for the usual person, utility increased with wealth but at a decreasing rate.

Underlying most economic theory is the assumption that people do things because doing so gives them utility. People want as much utility as they can get. However, the more they have, the less difference an additional unit of utility will make – there is diminishing marginal utility (Marginal utility is how much extra utility a person gets from consuming an extra unit of something.). Utility is not the same as utilitarianism, a political philosophy based on achieving the greatest happiness of the greatest number.

6. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях прийменниками, якщо необхідно.

1. No interest is paid by the bank ___ current account.

2. The banana cannot satisfy the same wants ___ the textbook.

3. Innumerable acts of trust build ___ the system of which bankers, depositors and borrowers are part.

4. ___ this reason, economists and financiers often talk of the liquidity of money.

5. Non-essential commodities like chocolates cannot be compared ___ basic necessities like shelter.

7. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях модальними дієсловами could or managed to. (It is possible to use was/were able to in all these sentences.). Перекладіть отримані речення українською мовою.

1. He was a brilliant salesman and ________ sell anything to anyone.

2. Although I was at the back of the hall, I ________ hear very clearly.

3. It was very difficult to find a suitable office, but in the end we ________ rent one near the Central Station.

4. After a few months on the training course, I _______ speak Japanese quite well.

5. From my hotel room I ________ see the sea.

8. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях поставивши дієслова у формі інфінітива або герундія.

1. Could you take this file to Mrs Armstrong? I meant to let her have it this morning, but I forgot _______ (give) it to her.

2. My job involves _______ (meet) many people.

3. We undertake _______ (provide) a 24 hour-a-day-hot line.

4. We risk _______ (lose) business to our competitors.

5. If their Accounts Department is slow at paying bills, try _______ (send) a fax to the chairman. That usually works well.

9. Перекладіть подані нижче речення англійською мовою.

1. Різні товари по-різному задовольняють наші бажання.

2. Уряд ставить виробничі цілі на ряд років.

3. Він хоче купити цей будинок зараз, хоча йому слід зачекати поки в нього буде достатньо грошей і на будинок і на меблі.

4. Ці умови задовольняють нас.

5. Гроші самі по собі не цінні.

Контрольна робота № 2

Варіант 3

1. Прочитайте надані тексти (7-12). Дайте письмову відповідь на наступні питання.

1. When is supply elastic?

2. What is the reward of private enterprise called?

3. What three things cause prices to fluctuate?

4. A point in time comes when the financial sacrifice is greater than the satisfaction of eating bananas. What has changed when this point is reached?

5. When is a man's credit good?

2. Прочитайте надані тексти (7-12). Визначте, чи подані нижче висловлювання до текстів є вірними чи невірними. Якщо висловлювання невірне, запишіть правильний варіант.

1. Commodities of different kinds satisfy our wants and in different ways.

2. “The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility” is the tendency for a consumer’s desire to diminish as he buys more units.

3. Demand for essential commodities is inelastic.

4. Money is a mean of measuring labour.

5. If the prices rise locally, production will be reduced throughout the world.

3. Поясніть своїми словами на англійській мові значення наступних слів і виразів.

1. commodity

2. personal wants

3. money

4. marginal utility

5. non-perishable goods

4. Заповніть пропуски відповідними словами з текстів (7-12) (подана перша літера слова та кількість літер в слові вказана в дужках).

1. Our decisions indicate our scale of p_____(11) and therefore our priorities.

2. Utility is not the same as u_____(11).

3. When planning his e_____(11), the individual must accept fixed prices.

4. Supplies of many commodities can generally be a_____(8) to suit market conditions.

5. Employee receives his wages, while his employer receives the s_____(7) from the whole business.

6. These goods and services do have a v_____(5).

7. Short-term economic anarchy has a bad effect on l_____(8) stability and investment.

8. The work has not been done yet, although it was p_____(7) five years ago.

9. When preparing a new product, a company must spend a large a_____(6) of money.

10. A c_____(8) will go on buying bananas for as long as he continues to be satisfied.