Контрольна робота № 2

Варіант 1

1. Прочитайте надані тексти (7-12). Дайте письмову відповідь на наступні питання.

1. Who can issue paper notes?

2. What does competition influence?

3. At what point does an employer obtain his surplus?

4. What can we say, about the way in which the utility of a commodity decreases?

5. Under what conditions will a consumer go on buying a commodity?

2. Прочитайте надані тексти (7-12). Визначте, чи подані нижче висловлювання до текстів є вірними чи невірними. Якщо висловлювання невірне, запишіть правильний варіант.

1. The utility of a commodity decreases as the consumer’s stock of that commodity increases.

2. In every economic system it is possible for everybody to bargain over prices, because they are fixed in advance.

3. Supply is “elastic” because market prices rise and fall.

4. If the prices of a particular commodity rise in the economy as a whole, the rise will naturally encourage producers to make more of that commodity.

5. Money is the standard by which the value of labour is judged.

3. Поясніть своїми словами на англійській мові значення наступних слів і виразів.

1. utility

2. financial sacrifice

3. demand

4. labour force

5. surplus

4. Заповніть пропуски відповідними словами з текстів (7-12) (подана перша літера слова та кількість літер в слові вказана в дужках).

1. The employer may be required to share the surplus with others who have p_____(8) the capital with which he started his business.

2. We buy basic n_____(11) even if the prices rise steeply, but we buy other things only when they are relatively cheap.

3. The characteristic of s_____(10) a want is known in economics as its “utility”.

4. The trade unions represent the majority of those workers, who earn fixed w_____(5).

5. Stable conditions led to an i_____(11) in the general state of the economy.

6. The economic system is not only the sum-total of our individual activities, but also the general situation which i_____(10) our individual activities.

7. The utility of a commodity consequently decreases as the consumer’s s_____(5) increases.

8. The s_____(7) money provided capital for a new housing scheme.

9. When there is a g_____(4) on the market, demand decreases and prices fall.

10. H_____(5) labour produces both goods and services.

5. Перекладіть поданий нижче текст українською мовою.

Utility is satisfaction or benefit enjoyed or anticipated from an economic transaction: that which makes individuals put value on certain goods or services. Utility is in theory the object of all economic activity, but attempts to fully define or measure it are unsatisfactory, precisely because it covers so many different forms of economic behaviour. In the history of economics, however, it has been tremendously important because it allowed Alfred Marshall and others to go beyond the labour theory of value and other models based on factors of production, and focus on demand as the key to determining prices and other indices of value. It also allowed economists to treat intangible or psychological factors affecting value, instead of the purely material ones analysed by earlier economists.