17. The semantic subdivision of nouns in contrasted lang. Lexico-morphological & lexico-syntactical types of nouns in en & ua

Due to the great variability of noun properties they fall into different classification

• Semantically acc.to the type of nomination. EN &UA nouns fall into:

• Proper (personal, geograph., parts of day, months, different institutions, street, ships). Proper nouns have no conceptual meaning because their nomination is individual.

• Common (concrete falls into classification that indicate object of a large number being similar in nature; collective are noun representing sets of people & objects as one unity; abstract). Common nouns represent a generalizing meaning of a group or class of words. They have conceptual meaning.

Less rigorous is the discrimination of concrete & abstract noun. Usually concrete nouns denote object that can be counted; abstract nouns are generally represented by verbal nouns or adj.nouns.

Mess nouns nominate different materials.

• Lexico-morphological classification of nouns. There are 2 classification

• Is based on the realization of the category of number

• Countable (noun expressing substances that can be counted & morphologically they are characterized by both number (pl-sing).

• Uncountable (nouns denoting substances that can not be counted morphologically they have only one number (absolute sg; absolute pl).

• Is based on the realization of the category of case

• Animate (declin)

• Inanimate (indecl)

There is a progress of migration of uncountable into count with a certain shift in meaning.

In EN only animate can be declin while inanimate stand outside the category of state.

In UA both anim & inanim nouns are declin, indecl are only borrowed words.

• Lexico-syntectical classification is based on the position & function in word-groups

• head noun (governing noun). Noun of active valence (they presuppose their environment) e.g two girls

• adjunt noun (governed noun). Noun of passive valence (shows the pictures) e.g побачити дівчину

18. Typology of the categ of number inEn &ua nouns

The grammatical category of number is the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity. The number category is realized through the opposition of two form-classes: the plural form :: the singular form. The category of number in English is restricted in its realization because of the dependent implicit grammatical meaning of countableness/uncountableness. The number category is realized only within subclass of countable nouns. The logical criteria of number and amount is realizedin bothlang basically with the help of special lexemes: numerals, nouns.

Lex-syntect it can be expressed number (a great deal of., a lot of, a number of).

Morphologically by means of category of number (table-tables→by gram.cat. of number).

Thus the categoru of number in EN & UA can be defined as morphological way of expressing the logical category of number & amount. This category are grammetical in both lang because it has its owm gram.meaning and it is expressed by morphological opposition.

The general categorial meaning is onenss or more then oneness of substances.EN & UA differ in number opposims of noun. In EN nouns the number of opposims is binary private, UA nouns realize the category of number by tortuory equipolent opposition (Sin-duel-pl) дерево-дерева-дерева.

Duel number is chracterized for Rus, UA & Belorussia. It’s mostly forms by shifting the stress of the plural form onto the first suitable. Duel number is singled out in the combination of noun with numerals.

Some of borrowed noun sing EN have developed the assimilated EN pl forms.(mediun-media)

As for UA noun they have number forms depending on 3 factors: Declination, gender, final consonant (hard, soft, palatalized)

1^st decl хата-хати

2d decl х inf in sing -moskulina

е Inf pl -moskulina

о,а Opposite - neutral

о,и opposite – plural

3d decl мати-матері, тінь-тіні, печ-печі

4^th decl імя – імена, теля-телята. Курча-курчата

The pl of EN nouns is produced by productive regular variants, which are realized be three phonetical conditional allophones s→z-iz.

Irregularly pl number form in EN is expressed by ending –en (oxen, children).

One more way of plural building in EN by means of replacive morphs (foot-feet, mouse-mice).

In both languagesthere exist 2 specific groups of noun which do not stand outside the category of number, but have neutralized position.

• Singularia tantum of noun sing in variable nouns which have the absolute sing number form, with no plural counter part. They names of materials, nouns denoting abstract notions, collective nouns, proper nouns, branches of science

• Pluralia tantum- are plural nouns that have absolute plural form with no regular sing counter part.

The grammatical meaning of number may not coincide with the notional quantity: the noun in the singular does not necessarily denote one object while the plural form may be used to denote one object consisting of several parts. The singular form may denote:

• oneness (individual separate object – a cat);

• generalization (the meaning of the whole class – The cat is a domestic animal);

• indiscreteness (нерасчлененность or uncountableness - money, milk).

The plural form may denote:

• the existence of several objects (cats);

• the inner discreteness (внутренняя расчлененность, pluralia tantum, jeans).

To sum it up, all nouns may be subdivided into three groups:

• The nouns in which the opposition of explicit discreteness/indiscreteness is expressed :cat::cats;

• The nouns in which this opposition is not expressed explicitly but is revealed by syntactical and lexical correlation in the context. There are two groups here:

Singularia tantum. It covers different groups of nouns: proper names, abstract nouns, material nouns, collective nouns;

Pluralia tantum. It covers the names of objects consisting of several parts (jeans), names of sciences (mathematics), names of diseases, games, etc.

• The nouns with homogenous number forms. The number opposition here is not expressed formally but is revealed only lexically and syntactically in the context: e.g. Look! A sheep is eating grass. Look! The sheep are eating grass.