24 Lexico-syntactical types of verbs

Acc to the verb valency:

• avalent (Eng) – verbs that have no left –hand connection with the notional subject

e.g it rains

• monovalent These are verbs have left – hand connection with the subject making sentence:

e.g he has come

• divalent are verbs that have left –hand connection with the subject and right – hand connection with the complement

• polyvalent are verbs having more than 2 connections

e.g I have the book to the girl

Acc to the role in the lang. system :

• notional

• semi – notional: auxiliary, link verbs, semi – notional, modal

Notional are verbs that have full lex meaning, maybe derivation , change for gram cstegories, perform the syntact function of the predicate

Auxiliary are verbs fully devoid any lex meaning. It can be proved by their combination with verbs having antonymous meaning :

e.g I have lost my pen (no syntact funct in the sentence); They are only components of the analytical form; have specific combinability

Modal verbs expressed the relational meaning; express the speaker’s attitude towards the action expressed by the infinitive; morphol some of them have difishened paradigms can=could; specific syntact function in the sentence; can be parts of compound verbal modal predicate (must do…)

Semi – notionals are those who followed by non –finites infinitives or gerunds (to try to do smth)

Link verbs connect the property denoted by the predicate with the subject (she is kind); morphologically link verbs within a compound nominal predicate expresses the bare morphol categories of the predicate; they are characterized by the combinability with the nominal elements in the position of the subject and various parts of speech in the position of predicative

Acc to the type of predication

• verbs of complete predication make up sentences only in combination with the subject

• verbs of incomplete are verbs that are capable of forming up full sentences with both subject on the left and complement on the right.

25 The category of person expresses the relation between the participants of the speech act. This is a tertiary equipollent opposition having the opposems of the 1^st, 2d, 3d persons.

1^st person is the speaker himself (or we in the plural)

2d person denotes two persons

3d person denotes persons or things spoken about in the communicative act.

In Ukr all verbs have positively marked person forms in sing and plur (писати= я пишу, ти пишеш, вони пишуть)

In Eng verb’s category is defeshiently represented. It is realized in the restricted syntactic context (in the present tense the indicative mood in this opposition is 3d person – non-3d person: come - comes). In the future tense the person category is realized by the opposition 1^st person – non-1^st preson: shall come – he will come .

In Eng acc to realization of the category of person all Eng verbs fall into groups:

• modal verbs (in which person category is not realized, it is neutralized)

• to be which has a tertiary opposition : am – 1^st person, are – 2d person sing + 1^st person plur, is – 3d person sing.

• all notional verbs that have 3d person – non –3d person

26 The category of number in verbs greatly differs form the number category in nouns.

In the opposition table –tables singular form expresses one; plural expresses more than one substance. Thus number in nouns expresses the number of substances.

Things are differ with verbs: he comes – they come, the forms “comes/come” don’t express the number of actions but express only the number of adjuncts (исполнитель).

Comes = one doer of the action

Come = more than one adjuncts

It goes from this that the number in verbs is syntactically predetermined by the quantitative characteristics of the subject.

Acc to the realization of the number category of verbs have 3 types of number. agreement (concord). They are:

• formal (e.g the wheat is ripe. The oats are ripe.), though semantically nouns are the same, the form of the predicate is predetermined only by the form of the subject : wheat – sing. noun, oats – plural.

• semantic (e.g His family is united. The family are having dinner now.) The form is the same but the difference lies in the meaning: family in the first case – one unit whole, family in the second case – individuals members of family.

• formal – semantic (The book is on the table. The books are on the table.)

Conclusion:

• both categories number/ person are reflactory;

• both are syntactically conditioned (be the form of the subject)

• the category have intermixed character

• they are defitiontly represented by the morphological forms.