- •6) The development of the English vocabulary in the course of time
- •9) The classification of borrowings (aliens,denisans, morphological borrowings). The role of the borrowings and native words
- •Borrowings
- •Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect
- •Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation
- •10) Morphemes and morphemic analysis (definition of morpheme and a word; the way how we divide word into morphemes) Morphemic Analysis
- •Types of morphemes
- •11) Segmentability of words (3 types: complete, conditional, defective)
- •Word-formation of the English language. Conversion
- •Word- composition
- •19) Synonyms and antonyms; classification of antonyms Synonym
- •Antonyms
- •Homonyms
- •Homophones
- •Homographs
Word-formation of the English language. Conversion
Suffix derived nouns, adjectives, verbs.
Prefix derived adjectives and verbs.
| |origin |tive |ant | |
|-ness |L. |n. |adj. |alertness, goodness, |
|-ity |L. |n. |adj. |darkness. |
| | | | |convertibility, humidity, |
|-ism |L. |n. |n. |banality, activity |
| | |n. |adj. | |
| | | | |Leninism, Platonism |
|-ship |E. |n. |n. |pacifism, Americanism, |
| | | | |newspaperism |
|-dom |L. |n. |n. |friendship, ladyship, |
| | | | |horsemanship, partenship |
|-ment |L. |n. |v. |earldom, sheriffdom, |
| | | | |savagedom, boydom |
|-ation |Gr. |n. |v. |denotement, astonishment, |
|-ery |L. |n. |n. |pavement |
|-acy |R. |n. |adj. |indication, realization, |
| | | |n. |activation, expectation |
|-age |R. |n. |n. |peasantry, scenery, cattery|
| | | |v. | |
|-ed |E. |adj. |n. | |
|-y |L. |adj. |n. |profligacy, retiracy |
| | | |v. |delegacy, piracy |
| | | |adj. |readerage, spindleage, |
|-ish |E. |adj. |n. |footage |
| | | |adj. |fosterage, breakage, |
|-en(-n) |E. |adj. |n. |standage |
| |E. |adj. |n. |feathered, minded, |
|-less |Gr. | |v. |passioned |
|-ly |E. |adj. |n. |bony, furry |
|-ful | |adj. |n. |sleeply, chattly |
| |E. | |v. |blacky, paly, plumpy |
|-some | |adj. |n. | |
| | | |adj. |maidish, Irish, dampish |
| |E. | |v. |coldish, blackish, baddish |
| |E. |adj. |num. |flaxen, wooden, silken |
|-fold |E. |adj. |n. |homeless, brotherless |
|-worthy |L. | |v. |changeless |
| |L. |adj. |n. | |
|-like |L. |adj. |v. |brotherly, yearly, lively |
|-able |E. |adj. |n. |beautiful, chearful, topful|
|-ous |E. |adj. |n. | |
|-an(ean, ian) |E. |adj. |adj. |wakeful, forgeful |
|un- |E. |adj. |adj. |brothersome, venturesome |
|in- |E. |adj. |adj. |gaysome, darksome |
|non- |E. |adj. |adj. | |
|a- |L. |adj. |adj. |troublesome, quarrelsome |
|self- | |adj. |adj. |fivefold, tenfold |
|well- |L. |adj. |adj. |loveworthy, shameworthy, |
|ill- |L. |v. |n. |readworthy |
|-ize | | |adj. |showworthy |
| |E. |v. |n. |deathlike, wifelike |
|-fy(-ify) |E. | |adj. |drinkable, actable |
| |L. |v. |n. |envious, villainios |
|-ate |L. | |adj. |European, African, |
| |E. |v. |adj. |Darwinian |
|-en |E. |v. |v. |unreasonable, unpracticed, |
|un- |E. |v. |v. |unimportant, unintentional |
|de- | |v. |v. |inartistic |
|dis- |E. |v. |v. |non-human |
|mis- |L. |v. |v. |achromatic, anhydrous |
| |E. |v. |v. |self-acting, self-recording|
|under- | | | | |
|over- | | | |well-aged, well-born |
| | |v. |v. |ill-advised, ill-disposed |
|up- | |v. |v. | |
|re- | |v. |v. |characterize, vaporize |
| | | |n. |specialize, realize |
|be- | | |adj. |electrify, testify, damnify|
| | | | | |
| | | | |acidify, humidify, |
| | | | |pacificify |
| | | | |vaccinate, fossilate |
| | | | |activate, syllabicate |
| | | | |gladden, soften, redden |
| | | | | |
| | | | |unbend, unshoe, uncork, |
| | | | |undeceive |
| | | | |decode, deforest, deplume |
| | | | |disagree, disjoin, dishouse|
| | | | | |
| | | | |mistake, mishear, mislike |
| | | | | |
| | | | |underline, underwork, |
| | | | |underact |
| | | | |overbuild, overpass, |
| | | | |overdrink, overlive |
| | | | | |
| | | | |uphold, uprise |
| | | | |recline, reread, |
| | | | |repaganize, repaper |
| | | | | |
| | | | |beset, bekiss, bespeak, |
| | | | |becrowd |
| | | | |belimb, becloud, |
| | | | |bedim, befool |
14) Word composition (compound words which are built up from 2 routes; criteria of a compound word, peculiarities of English compounds, different types of classification of compound words)+examples!
Ways of forming words (according to A.I. Smirnitskiy):
Word-formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns.
As a subject of study English word-formation is that branch of English lexicology which studies the derivative structure of words and the patterns on which the English language builds new words. Like any other linguistic phenomenon, word-formation may be studied synchronically and diachronically.
There are 2 types of word-formation in Modern English: