Text 1 Civil Engineering.

The term "engineering" is a modern one. The New Merriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word "engineer­ing" as the practical application of scientific and mathematical prin­ciples. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now ap­plied in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architec­ture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. En­gineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering.

While the definition "'civil engineering "dates back only two cen­turies, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineer­ing. Some form of building and utilization of the materials have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. People had to protect themselves against the enemies and to sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a mil­itary engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18^th century there were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not direct­ly connected with military operations and the constructions of forti­fications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building mate­rials in the art of war.

But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic ener­gy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engi­neering, etc.

It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became inter­ested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated them­selves from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engi­neers".

The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engi­neering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechani­cal engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.

Here are some fields of civil engineering:

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbours and canals.

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.

Task7. Find Russian equivalents to the following:

Practical application of scientific and mathematical prin­ciples, designing, to be ap­plied, in a more extended sense, to be divided into, nuclear engineering, mining engineering, sanitary engineering, to constitute, to distinguish, a non-military purpose, the former … the latter, constructive art, constructions of forti­fications, to be enriched with new achievements of science, a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, housing construction, industrial construction, agricultural construction, structural engineering , to comprise.

Task 8. Find English equivalents to the following:

Делить на что-либо, строительство укреплений, практическое применение научных математических принципов, включать, гражданское строительство; сельскохозяйственное строительство, жилищное строительство, серия значительных открытий связанных с проектированием и производством механизмов, быть обогащенным новыми достижениями в науке, строительное ремесло, включать, различать, составлять, водоснабжение и водоотведение, горное дело, в более широком смысле, применяться, проектирование.

Task 9. Match the following words with their synonyms:

to apply	to suppose
to constitute	to include
to consider	to refer
to comprise	to distinguish
to separate	to compose

Task 10. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words.

1. The term "инженерное дело" is a modern one.

2. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, (искусство проектирования, строительства и использования механизмов).

3. It is applied to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architec­ture, in which (двигатели или механизмы) are used.

4. En­gineering (делиться на) many branches the most important of them are (промышленное и гражданское строительство, горное дело, машиностроение, электротехника, ядерная техника, военно-инженерное дело).

5. In order to understand clearly (из чего состоит) civil engineering, let us (рассмотрим кратко) the development of different branches of engineering.

6. First the word "civil engineering" (использовалось) to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a mil­itary engineer.

7. Civil engineering included (все отрасли строительного ремесла не связанные напрямую с военной деятельностью и со строительством укреплений).

8. But as time went on, the art of civil engineering (обогащалось) new achievements of science.

9. It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engines a number of civil engineers (заинтересовались практическим применением механики и термодинамики) to the design of machines.

10. In the widest and oldest sense the term Civil Engineering (включает в себя) all non-military branches of engi­neering as it did two centuries ago.

11. In the narrower sense it includes (машиностроение, электротехнику, ядерную технику)

12. Here are some fields of civil engineering (сельскохозяйственное строительство, жилищное строительство и промышленное строительство).

Task 11 Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs where necessary:

in

to

against

with

of

into

1. This word is now ap­plied … a more extended sense.

2. It is applied also … the art of executing such works as the objects … civil and military architec­ture, … which engines or other mechanical appliances are used.

3. En­gineering is divided … many branches.

4. It started developing … the rise … ancient Rome.

5. The people had to protect themselves …. the enemies and sustain themselves … the conflict … nature.

6. The former, civil engineering, included all those branches … the constructive art not direct­ly connected … military operations and the constructions of forti­fications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself … the applications … science and the utilization … building mate­rials … the art … war.

7. It is a well-known fact that …. the invention … the steam engine and the growth … factories a number … civil engineers became inter­ested … the practical application … the science of mechanics and thermodynamics … the design of machines.

8. The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent … the field … civil engineering.

Task 12. Complete the following sentences:

1. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule….

2. It is applied also to the art of …

3. Engineering is divided into ….

4. The most important of them are …

5. The profession of civil engineer is as old as ….

6. It started developing with the rise ….

7. Some form of building and utilization of the materials ….

8. First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish …

9. Up to about the middle of the 18^th century there were two main branches of engineering …

10. Civil Engineering included ….

11. Military engineering concerned itself with ….

12. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of …. and it led to differentiation of ….

13. The term … has two distinct meanings.

14. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all ….

15. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes ….

16. Here are some fields of civil engineering ……

Task 13 Correct the following statements using the information from the text. Use such expressions as: I am afraid you are wrong/mistaken/ not quite right; noting of the kind; it is unlikely; it is doubtful; I don’t think you are right; Well I think that’s not so; Are you sure?; That’s your opinion, not mine; I don’t believe that; etc

1. The New Merriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word "engineer­ing" as the theoretical application of scientific and mathematical prin­ciples.

2. Nowadays the term "engineering" doesn’t mean the art of designing, constructing, or using engines.

3. It is never applied to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architec­ture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used.

4. The profession of civil engineer is as new as civilized life.

5. People didn’t have to protect themselves against the enemies and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

6. First the word "civil engineering" was used to unify the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a mil­itary engineer.

7. Civil Engineering included all those branches of the constructive art direct­ly connected with military operations and the constructions of forti­fications, while military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building mate­rials in civilized life.

8. But as time went on, the art of civil engineering wasn’t enriched with new achievements of science.

9. It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became inter­ested in the theoretical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines.

10. Environmental engineering includes mechani­cal engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.

Task 14 Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as: I think/suppose/ consider/believe; to my mind/ in my opinion; as far as I remember/ know/ understand; Let me see...; How shall I put it?; Well, let me think..; Let's put it this way...; I'll have to think about that; The best way I can answer that is…; That's a good question.; That's a difficult question. Let me see...

1. What does the word "engineering" mean?

2. Is engineering a science? If yes, Why? Prove it.

3. What branches is Civil engineering divided into? 4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings does the term "civil engineering" have?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil Engineering?

8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

9. What are the most important fields of civil engineering?

Task 15. Explain in your own words the following words and words combinations.

1. Practical application of scientific and mathematical prin­ciples

2. Designing

3. Constructing

4. Civil engineering

5. Electrical engineering

6. Nuclear engineering

7. Sanitary engineering

8. Utilization

Task 16 Match the definitions and the terms.

The work of providing houses for people to live in.	fixed construction
Something that has been build and fastened to a particular position, especially something large such as buildings or bridges.	highway
A wide main road or roads that join one town to another.	canal
A long passage dug into the ground and filled with water, either for boats to travel along or to take water to place.	housing

Task 17. Find in the text and put down key words to speak about:

• The definition of Civil Engineering

• The development of different branches of engineering

Task 18 Speak on the following topics:

• Civil engineering and its branches.

• The influence of new achievements of science on the development of Civil engineering

• Fields of Civil engineering

Task 19. Translate the following sentences.

1. Применяя научные и математические принципы, инженеры строители занимаются проектированием и строительством промышленных и гражданских сооружений.

2. Считается, что профессия инженера строителя начала развиваться в период рассвета Римской империи.

3. С доисторических времен для людей необходимо строительство и использование материалов.

4. Мы хотим, чтобы вы применили на практике знания, полученные в университете.

5. Уже две недели я работаю над проектом нового спортивного комплекса(sports building), но я еще не закончил его. Я думаю, что все расчеты (estimation) и чертежи (design drawings) будут готовы к концу этого месяца.

6. Я не могу не восхищаться новыми открытиями, связанными с проектированием и конструированием машин и механизмов.

7. К концу 19 века отрасль промышленного и гражданского строительства была обогащена новыми достижениями науки.

Task 20. Write an abstract of the unit, express the idea of the unit in some sentences.