Билет № 24

1. What are the objectives of morphological analysis at the level of word-formation?

Morph. Types of of word-formation imply changes in the morphological structure of the word.

Stem is a basic unit of morph. Analysis of the word. We use them to build new words.

Unlike the morphemic lvl of morphological analusis of the word, the lvl of word-formation faces the following issues:

• Hierarchy of morph. in the word structure

• Way of w-formation

• Meaning of similarly built words

Hierarchy of m. in the word structure and the ways of word-formation are dealt with based on the notion of derivational pattern (словообр.модель).

Derivational pattern – a generalized semantic scheme for similar derivatives which indicates the part of speech relation of the respective stem, specifies its affixes, and describes the succession of its morphological components.

* Process of creating new words using specific method.

Ex: print/er = V+er

Freez/er = -„-

N+full – joyfull

Re+V- react, recount

N+N – handbag, boyfriend

Etc

Meaning of similarity built words is dealt with the based on the notion of derive.meaning (словообр. значение)

2. How are synonyms identified and analysed?

synonymy -< GR. similarity of meaning

synonymy "many words - one meaning" - is opposite to polysemy "one word - many meanings" grouping principle: synonyms should be arranged around same notion which they share fully or partially hence, synonymy is primarily based on the similarity of the significative meaning.

How to spot syn. ?

The problem of identifying syn. Is essential for lexicographers and semanticists.

Syn.reflects the richness of a language and serves to differentiate subtle nuances in close meanings. Important: synonymy is always based on common significative meaning.

Ex. Rain -snow- hail [precipitation] = not synonyms!!!!!

Fog - mist [ vapour in the atmosphere] = syn.

Synonymy and componential analysis

componential analysis (компонентный анализ) semantic decomposition when the specific meaning of a lexeme can be explained in terms of a set of more general semantic components.

Ex. To talk 'to speak to/with sb in order to give information or express feelings'

to speak 'to talk to smb about smth'

to chat ' to talk in a friendly informal way'

to gossip 'to talk about other peoples private life, often in unkind way'

Absolute syn.

Abs syn share the same significative and connotative meaning, they are interchangeable in any context.

Absolute syn are rare (< economy of speech efforts) they tend to emerge among terms

ex. Eye doctor- oculists

absolute syn. Are very unstable, their meaning either differentiate, or one of the words passes out of use:

ex. Room 'space' = space (<Fr espace) - room 'part of a house enclosed by walls'

stylistic syn and euphemisms

Stylistic syn share the same significative meaning but differ in the connotative meaning.

Connotative meaning differ in:

- style: enemy( neutral) -adversary (bookish). - foe (poetic)

-degree of obsolescence: perhaps ( neutral) - perchance (archaic)

- expressiveness: face (neutr) - mug(slang)

close to stylistic syn ere euphemisms -words with milder connotation that replace words with unpleasant or unacceptable connotation

ex. To die: to expire, to pass away, to depart, to join the silent majority, and so one

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Types of synonyms

Synonyms can be classified in accordance with the

a) degree of similarity

b) type of meaning in which the words are similar.

Thus, V. v. Vinogradov divided synonyms into :

1. Absolute synonyms: words that entirely coincide in their significative meaning

ex. Ash-raven

screenwriter-scriptwriter

absolute synonyms occur rarely, they tend to split in their meanings.

2. Ideographic syn. Words that slightly differ in their meaning ( most of the significative meaning remains the same)

ex. To understand (a concrete utterance) - to realize ('to grasp' a situation)

to walk (neutral, just to move on foot)

to pace (to walk with slow or regular steps)

to stroll ( to walk quietly, not in a hurry)

to stride ( to walk with long steps)

3. Stylistic syn. Words that differ in their connotative meaning ( but not in the significative meaning).

Ex. Hearty ( neutral) - cordial ( formal)

to imitate (neutral) - to monkey ( informal)

terrible-horrible-atrocious

often ( neutral) - oft ( poetic or archaic)

lift ( British) - elevator ( Americam English )