Which word? income/earnings/revenue

These words all describe money that is earned.

Income is used to describe money earned by a person, an organization or a country, especially on a regular basis. It is usually used in the singular or as an uncountable noun: an income of $10 000 a year; a drop in income. In the plural, it refers only to money earned by individuals: The research shows that families on low incomes are struggling with debts.

Earnings is a plural noun and is used mainly in the context of calculating or reporting amounts that are earned by people or businesses: Full-year earnings rose by 15%. You must declare all earnings to the tax office. It is also used to describe money that a country earns from exporting goods: export earnings.

Revenue or revenues are used about money earned by a business: A product generates revenue for the business. Over half the company's revenues are in dollars.

Income or revenue, not earnings, are used when describing the way in which money is earned: fee/investment/sales income (= money earned from fees/investments/sales); licence/sales/tax revenues.

Ex. IV. Choose the correct word and translate the sentences.

1. Internet shopping has real (costs, benefits, profits) for both the consumer and the environment.

2. The airport was built at a (cost, goods, consumers) of $5.3 billion.

3. We are working with suppliers to cut (costs, profits, revenue) by 30%.

4. The bank offered him a (hire, loan, promotion) of £15,000 to set up a business.

5. How long have you worked for your current (employee, employment, employer)?

6. All the necessary steps had been taken to ensure their (benefits, safety, goods).

7. The company deals with everything from the production of (uncooked, raw, unfinished) materials to the sale of finished goods.

8. He has been (ensured, promoted, hired) to assistant manager of the department.

9. For the past three years, he has been (employed, promoted, earned) as a systems analyst.

10. We paid $50 for the (hire, promotion, loan) of the conference hall.

Ex. V. Memorize the meanings of the following words:

to achieve - добиваться, достигать, achievement - достижение, успех;

to aim (at) - стремиться к (чему-л.), aim - намерение, цель;

to approach - подходить, приближаться, обращаться (с просьбой, предложением),

an approach - подход (к решению проблемы и т. п.);

to compete - конкурировать, соперничать,

competition - конкуренция, соперничество;

to determine - определять, устанавливать;

to encourage (in smth) - ободрять, поощрять, поддерживать (в чём-л.);

to provide (with smth) - снабжать, обеспечивать чем-л., предоставлять;

to rely (on) - полагаться, надеяться;

responsible (for smth) - ответственный, отвечающий (за что-л.);

to seek (for smth) - стремиться (к чему-л.), предпринимать попытки,

to seek out - искать, разыскивать кого-л.

Ex. VI. Use the verbs in brackets in the required tense form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The group (to fail – Past Perfect Active) to achieve expected price improvements.

2. As we (to climb - Past Simple Active) the final few meters, we felt a sense of achievements.

3. As I (to approach - Past Simple Active) the house, I (to notice - Past Simple Active) a light on upstairs.

4. Several advertising agencies (to compete - Present Continuous Active) to get the contract.

5. The aim of the inquiry was to determine what (to cause - Past Perfect Active) the accident.

6. I want to thank everyone who (to encourage – Present Perfect Active) and (to support - Present Perfect Active) me.

7. The town (to rely - Present Simple Active) on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.

8. We (to achieve - Present Perfect Active) what we set out to do.

9. Do you think the President (to seek – Future Simple Active) re-election?

10. How (can - Present Simple Active) we seek out a really good person for the job?

11. Local schools (to seek - Present Continuous Active) to reduce the dropout rate [процент отсева].

12. The changing economic, political and technological environment (to present - Present Simple Active) management with a new set of problems, requiring fresh approaches.

13. This law (to provide - Present Simple Active) protection for threatened animals and plants.

Ex. VII. Put questions to the answers given below.

Model: Yes, it was. Competition for the job was very intense. → Was competition for the job very intense?

1. Yes, he has. Wilson has achieved considerable success as an artist.

2. Yes, he is. Robert is doing research into the effect of social class on educational achievement.

3. Yes, it is. The teamwork is required in order to achieve these aims.

4. Yes, it does. The Renault Clio competes against such cars as the Peugeot 206.

5. Yes, they will. The tests will help the doctors determine what medicine to use.

6. Yes, they do. Many people now rely on the Internet news.

7. Yes, it was. The project was designed to provide young people with work.

8. Yes, there has been. There has been a small rise in the number of people seeking work.

9. Yes, they do. Cigarette machines in the streets encourage more teenagers to smoke.

10. Yes, it did. The innovative approach cost only a small amount more, with no increase in price to the customer.

Ex. VIII. A. Translate the words given in the box into English.

подход на прокат добиться конкуренция повышать (по службе) нанимать цель прибыль конкурировать поддерживать ответственный зарабатывать стоить занятость

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word (mind your Grammar). Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. There were motorcycles … .

2. We want all our students to … success within their chosen profession.

3. The … of the research is to find new food sources.

4. He decided to adopt a new … to teaching foreign language.

5. The company must be able to … in the international marketplace.

6. This price reduction is due to … among suppliers.

7. Cantor didn’t mind if they worked late, in fact, he actively … it.

8. They reported a … of $512 million.

9. She worked hard and was soon … .

10. I am … for sales and marketing.

11. IT (Information Technology) workers … to install new computer systems.

12. How much does airfare …?

13. He … to do this job.

14. She … a lot in her new job.

15. Steve’s still looking for full-time … .

Ex. IX. Feel the difference between the words, referring to employing people:

• to employ - to pay someone to work for you: The factory employs over 2000 people.

• to recruit - to find new people to work in a company: We're having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.

• to hire - to employ someone for a short time to do a particular job: Employers hire skilled people on fixed-term contracts.

• to take somebody on - to start to employ someone: We're taking on 50 new staff this year.

• to appoint - to choose someone for a position or a job: Connell was appointed as chairman.

• to headhunt - to find people with the right skills and experience to do particular jobs, trying to persuade [убеждать] them to leave their present jobs: I was headhunted by a marketing agency.

Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the difference.

1. We need to pay top salaries to recruit and retain the best people.

2. He has recently been appointed to the board.

3. If you want to keep growing, hire more salespeople.

4. She was taken on as a trainee last year.

5. A new head of the Environment Agency was appointed last year.

6. He was headhunted by a major US law firm.

7. How long have you been employed at this job?

8. We’re having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.

9. Business may only hire foreign workers where an American cannot be found.

10. Many businesses are having trouble recruiting workers with adequate skills.

11. She’s been appointed to the State Supreme Court.

12. Two hundred new employees have been recruited.

13. We are looking to appoint a financial advisor as soon as possible.

14. Do you ever ask headhunters to recruit a whole team?

Ex. X. Nouns ending in -or/-er often refer to a person who gives or sends something to somebody. Nouns ending in -ee refer to the person who receives the thing.

A. Match the words in A with their definitions in B.

A	B
a) An employer is …	1) the person who sends goods to someone else.
b) An employee is …	2) the person, company, or organization that employs people.
c) A consignor is …	3) the company that sells a franchise.
d) A consignee is …	4) someone who is allowed to use a house, building, land etc. for a period of time in return for payment to the owner.
e) A franchiser is …	5) the person or the officials who gives the official permission to do something.
f) A franchisee is …	6) the person that something is delivered to.
g) A lessor is …	7) someone who allows someone else to use their house, building, land etc. for a period of time for payment.
h) A lessee is …	8) someone who is given or sold a franchise to sell a company’s goods or services.
i) A licensor is …	9) the person, team, company etc. that is competing with another.
j) A licensee is …	10) someone who is paid to work for someone else.
k) A competitor is …	11) the person who has official permission to do something.
l) A consumer is …	12) someone who buys goods and services from a shop, company etc.
m) A customer is …	13) someone who pays for goods and services.

B. Read the following sentences and translate them.

1. The shoe factory is the largest employer in this area.

2. Last year they sold twice as many computers as their competitors.

3. Consumers will soon be paying higher airfares.

4. We aim to offer good value and service to all our customers.

5. We have informed the consignee of the delivery date.

6. The web authoring software promises to be a strong competitor to the market leaders.

7. Videophones are still too expensive for the average consumer.

8. Can you serve the next customer?

9. Consumer spending will be up 2.4% this year.

10. The company has around 7 million customers worldwide.

Ex. ХI. A. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary, if necessary.