Good luck, idiots! (c) Cat

200 Questions for Final exam preparation “Ecology and Sustainable Development”

1. Ecology is a science studying interactions between:

• interaction between organisms and environment

2. The term “Ecology” was introduced by:

• Heckel

3. Ecological law “A change in one part of the system causes changes in other parts” was proposed by:

• Commoner

4. Environment is:

• outside the organism in which an organism lives and which affects it

5. Autecology– is a section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to:

• individual organisms

6. Demecology – is a section of ecology that studies:

• common characteristics of populations in an ecosystem

7. Synecology – is a section of ecology that studies:

• changes of communities over time

8. Biosphere’s structure and functions is studied by:

• global ecology

9. The physical area in which an organism lives is its:

• habitat

10. The way of species life is:

• niche

11. The term “Ecosystem” was introduced by:

• Tansley

12. Ecosystem is:

• an ecological unit that includes biotic and abiotic factors

13. A community includes all:

• all the populations in an area

14. A succession is:

• is a process where a community changes over time

15. Abiotic factors in an ecosystem can include:

• sunlight

16. Biotic factors in an ecosystem can include:

• pollination of flowers by insects

17. The distribution of biomes on Earth mainly depends on:

• climate and soil conditions

18. Regularity suggesting that organism growth is limited by the resource in the shortest supply is described by:

• Liebig’s law of the minimum

19. Regularity suggesting that each environmental factor has limits of its positive influence on the organism is described by:

• Shelford’s principle of tolerance limits

20. Tolerance is:

• limits of organisms stability to effect of ecological factors

21. Ecological factor that limits viability of organisms is:

• critical

22. Eyrobiotic organisms are the organisms with:

• a large range tolerance to an ecological factor are called

23. Stenobiotic organisms are the organisms with:

• a narrow range tolerance to an ecological factor

24. Xerophytes are organisms that:

• are adapted to drought and environmental water shortage

25. Homeothermics are organisms, which include:

• body temperature that is constant and largely independent of the temperature of its surroundings

26. Poikilothermics are organisms with:

• a body temperature depending on environment temperature

27. Species that are localized in a small area and may have just one population are called:

• endemic

28. Population growth rate is:

• individuals number change in a population over specific period of time

29. Population’s statistic characteristic is:

• population number

30. Population’s dynamic characteristics is:

• population growth rate

31. The carrying capacity of a population does Not include the statement:

• the population exhibits J-shaped growth curve

32. Population growth is exponential when:

• the birthrate reaches its biotic potential

33. The sigmoidal growth curve is typical for a population that:

• is regulated by density-dependent factors

34. The global human population grew very slowly until:

• the industrial revolution

35. A population with long-lasting rapid growth includes the following age groups:

• most of the population is pre-reproductive or reproductive

36. Earthquake is an example of:

• a density-independent factor

37. The area of the earth where life exist is called:

• biosphere

38. The term “Biosphere” was introduced by:

• Suess

39. The author of the study about biosphere is:

• Vernadsky

40. The term “Noosphere” was introduced by:

• Le Rois

41. Noosphere – is an evolutionary step of biosphere that:

• is transformed by conscious human activity

42. Environment that is changed by people is:

• second nature, or quasi-nature

43. Anthropogenic sources of pollution are:

• automobile exhausts

44. Allelopathy, predation, and mutualism are all types of:

• biotic relationships

45. Example of interspecific competition is relationship between:

• black cockroaches and red cockroaches

46. Type of biotic interaction that benefit one participant and have no effect on the other:

• commensalism

47. An interaction between two species in which both participants benefit and which is essential to the survival or reproduction of both participant:

• mutualism

48. Two species that occupy a very similar niche are likely to be:

• Competitors

49. The major producer found in marine ecosystems is:

• phytoplankton

50. The following is Not correctly matched:

• herbivore - autotroph

51. Define the right order of components in the trophic chain “deer – wolf - crow”:

• primary consumer - secondary consumer - secondary consumer

52. Plants in an ecosystem play the following role:

• synthesize organic substances from inorganic compounds

53. Primary productivity is the energy contained in the trophic level of:

• producers

54. Atmospheric nitrogen is captured by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and converted into:

• fixed nitrogen

55. Organisms that use ready food are called:

• heterotrophs

56. Heterotrophic organisms are:

• jellyfish

57. Autotrophic organisms are:

• plants

58. The lion and the hyena are on the same trophic level because both animals:

• eat herbivore organisms

59. Consumers that obtain their nutrients by eating autotrophs are:

• herbivores

60. Consumers, such as crocodiles, that obtain their nutrients by eating other consumers are:

• carnivores

61. Consumers, such as chimpanzee, that obtain their nutrients by eating both producers and other consumers are called:

• omnivores

62. Amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next one is:

• 10%

63. The main characteristic of biomass pyramids in freshwater or marine biomes is to be:

• inverted

64. According to number pyramids, a quantity of organisms at a higher trophic level:

• decreases

65. Nonrenewable resources include:

• minerals

66. Renewable resources include:

• humus

67. Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called:

• biodegradable

68. Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are called:

• teratogens

69. Herbicides are chemicals that can control population growth of undesirable organisms such as:

• plants

70. Factors that specifically damage genetic material of organisms are:

• mutagens

71. The global warming is primarily caused by:

• increase of greenhouse gases concentration

72. Distribution of gas concentrations in the atmosphere in increasing order is:

• carbon dioxide - argon - oxygen - nitrogen

73. Scientists predict the global average temperature will rise by 2025 and by 2100 correspondingly:

• 10C and 30C, correspondingly

74. To reduce greenhouse effect it should be done to:

• to use alternative sources of energy

75. Alternative sources of energy include:

• sun, wind and waves

76. The greenhouse gases are the following:

• CO₂, CFCs, CH₄, NO, NO₂, tropospheric ozone

77. The heights of troposphere and stratosphere above the earth respectively:

• 0-15 km and 15-55 km respectively

78. To stop ozone layer depletion it should be done to:

• to replace or recycle freons used in fridge and cooling systems

79. Loss of ozone has serious effects in people because ultra-violet radiation can cause:

• skin cancer and eye damage

80. The chemical compounds that can cause acid rain:

• sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

81. Acid rain occur as:

• rain, snow, mist, fog, hail

82. The pH of normal rain is about:

• Over 5

83. Acid rain is harmful because it can:

• dissolve nutrients and toxic metals in the soil

84. The primary reason of acid rain is:

• burning fossil fuels

85. The major component of photochemical smog is:

• tropospheric ozone

86. The main physical reason of the photochemical smog is:

• atmosphere temperature inversion

87. To prevent or reduce waste it should be done to:

• to use recycled materials whenever possible

88. Biological magnification is the process of:

• increasing concentration of hazardous wastes through food chains

89. The main cause of species extinction is:

• destruction of habitats

90. Industries contribute to habitat damage and destruction if they:

• pollute water

91. Land area of the Earth occupied by the forest (including tropical, moderate, boreal) is about:

• about 25%

92. Land area of the Earth occupied by the rain forest is about:

• about 5%

93. The world amount of fresh water is about:

• about 3%

94. The amount of the earth’s water supply available to land organisms is

• less than 1%

95. The average renewal rate of rivers is:

• about 12-17 days

96. Eutrophication of water is accompanied with:

• intensive algae propagation

97. The main source of water pollution is:

• petrochemical industry

98. Industries can help to mitigate problems with water supply by:

• recycling water during industrial operations

99. The largest landscape zone of Kazakhstan is:

• desert

100. External cost is:

• harmful environmental or social cost borne by people not directly involved in buying or selling a product

101. Ecological footprint (of a country or each person) is:

• the average amount of productive land and ocean needed to supply with food, energy, water, housing, transportation, and waste disposal

102. The main reason of Aral Sea catastrophe is:

• careless use of water for irrigation

103. A special protected territory that is completely removed from an economical use is:

• reserve

104. The number of plants and animals species included into the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan are:

• 404 and 309, respectively

105. Indicate the name of Kazakhstan’s reserve among the following list:

• Aksu Jabagly

106. Indicate the name of Kazakhstan’s national park:

• Altyn Emel

107. Percentage of Kazakhstan’s soil that is undergone to desertification is about:

• about 70%

108. The main anthropogenic cause of desertification is:

• excessive livestock grazing

109. The natural reason of desertification is:

• wind and water erosion

110. Erosion is the loss of soil that results from the effect of:

• abiotic factors

111. The organic part of the soil that helps it to retain its moisture and fertility is:

• humus

112. Term “Sustainable development” referred to ecology was first introduced at:

• Earth Declaration on environment and development, Rio-de-Janeiro, 1992

113. The primary body responsible for nature protection in Kazakhstan is:

• Ministry of Environment Protection

114. Sustainable use of natural resources means that they should be:

• ensured the durability of them for future generations

115. The basic nature protection law of Kazakhstan is:

• Ecological Code

116. The basic national current document about environment safety of Kazakhstan

• Concept of Ecological Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2004-2015

117. The Internationalbasic document about ozone layer safety is:

• Montreal protocol

118. The Internationalbasic document about greenhouse gases control is:

• Kyoto protocol

119. The International Convention on control of persistent organic pollutants is:

• Stockholm convention

120. The International Conventionabout wildlife protection is:

• Convention on Biological Diversity

121. Social ecology is a science about:

• Environmental health. Anthropogenic factor

122. Haeckel is the author of the term:

• ecology

123. Surrounding of the individuals in which they live and which affects them is:

• environment

124. The objects of ecology in order to become more complicated:

• ecosystem

125. The objects of ecology in order to become less complicated:

• substance

126. Section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to individual organisms is:

• autecology

127. Structure, number and dynamic processes in a population are studied by:

• demecology

128. Section of ecology that studies biotic relationships between different species is:

• Interspecific competition

129. For the penguin, Antarctic ice is its: Habitat

130. Habitats are:

• physical area in which an organism lives; different types of environment which provide food and shelter for living things.

131. Ecological niches of species living together can:

• not intersect

132. An ecosystem includes all:

• an ecological unit that includes biotic and abiotic factors

• all the interacting parts( living organisms and environment) in an area

133. Ecosystem is all Except:

• Примеры Экосистем: пруд с обитающими в нём растениями, рыбами, микроорганизмами, донными отложениями; лес с почвой, микроорганизмами, его птицами, травоядными и хищными млекопитающими, с характерным для него факторами среды, с присущим ему обменом веществ и энергии. Гниющий пень в лесу, с живущими на нём и в нём организмами и условиями обитания, тоже можно рассматривать как Экосистему. (понять смысл)

134. Complex system that includes all interacting species in a particular area is called:

• community

135. All the populations in an area form:

• community

136. Primary succession is the sequential replacement of populations starting:

• in an area that has not previously supported life such as bare rock or a sand dune

137. Secondary succession is the sequential replacement of populations that occurs in all cases, EXCEPT:

• Secondary Succession – the sequential replacement of population in disrupted habitats that have not been totally stripped of soil and vegetation.

138. The biological community on the islands created after volcanic eruption is the result of:

• Secondary succession

139. Old field succession:

• a version of secondary succession – the replacement of population abandoned farm field

140. Any factor affecting organisms is:

• ecological factors

141. Organisms in the deserts must be adapted to high level of:

• water

142. Ecological factors that limit life in the ocean BUT do not usually limit distribution of life on the land are:

• sunlight

143. Adaptation of life in a river is primarily determined by:

• Gradient

144. An estuary is an area where:

• a biome where the freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea

145. Ecological factors that limit life distribution in tundra’s permafrost are:

• Temperature, lack of food

146. Permafrost is a factor common to:

• s soil at or below the freezing point of water (0 °C or 32 °F) for two or more years

• permanently frozen layer of ground over 500 m thick

147. The neritic zone is in:

• ocean

148. Plants and animals become adapted to life in particular biomes through a process of:

• evolution

149. Organisms with a large range tolerance to an ecological factor are called:

• eyrobionts

150. Organisms with a narrow range tolerance to temperature are called:

• stenobionts

151. Plants of dry habitats adapted to drought and water shortage are:

• xerophytes

152. Organisms with a constant temperature not depending on environment temperature are:

• homeothermics

153. Poikilotermics are organisms with a body temperature that is:

• depending on environment temperature

154. A bird, such as a magpie, that inhabits different regions of Eurasia, North America and North Africa refers to the follow ecological group:

• eyrobionts

155. Biosphere is:

• is that area of the earth where life exists

156. The concept of living component of biosphere was proposed by:

• Vernadsky

157. Evolution stage of biosphere transformed by people activity and changed by their scientific consciousness is:

• noosphere

158. The exchange pool for carbon in a carbon cycle is:

• Examples of exchange pools include plants and animal

159. An example of a reservoir for phosphorus would be:

• containing rock stratums and deposits of inorganic and orgabic phosphorus compounds

160. Natural environment that is weakly changed by human is:

• First nature or Ecological space

161. Environment created by people is:

• Third nature (art nature)

162. Symbiosis is the close association between different species in the system:

• Tree-mushroom

163. Most of the energy that enters a trophic level:

• The lower trophic levels of an ecosystem always contain more total energy than to higher trophic level (is lost from one trophic level to the next higher)

164. Sunlight falling on the green plant, primarily:

• cause photosynthesis (contact with chlorophyll)

165. Lions and tigers are on the same trophic level because they:

• have the same ration

166. Consumers, such as vulture, that feed on organisms that have recently died are:

• Scavengers (Decomposers)

167. The main characteristic of energy pyramids of any ecosystem is that:

• the total amount of energy in each trophic level (kcal/cm2/year), never inverted

168. If you measure the biomass of an ecosystem, you are measuring:

• the total dry weight of the organisms in the ecosystem (g/acre).

169. The combustion of fossil fuel has increased atmospheric levels of:

• CO₂, CO

170. The obvious effect caused by the global warming is:

• Rising sea levels, cataclysms

171. The way of greenhouse gases reduction is:

• alternative sources of energy, using energy as efficiently, avoiding CFC and haloons

172. The following compounds generally destroy ozone layer:

• CFC (freon)

173. The main reason of ozone destruction is:

• CFC (freon)

174. Acid rain is:

• rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic

175. Hazardous waste does not include:

• INCLUDE: acidic resins, arsenic, heavy metals, organic solvents, pesticides and radioactive materials

176. Organic material that cannot be decomposed by bacteria is called:

• nonbiodegradable

177. Teratogens are factors that can specifically cause:

• damage genetic material of organisms

178. Factors that cause uncontrolled cell division resulting tumor are:

• carcinogen

179. Carbon monoxide restricts the oxygen supply of the body by:

• gemoglobin

180. Habitats of waterfowl are:

• wetlands

181. Biological diversity does NOT include:

• INCLUDE: terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part

182. Species diversity is higher:

• Логический думаем где разность организмов больше из вариантов и радостно тыкаем (разнообразие видов)

183. The number of the world described species is:

• 1 545 594 (1.7 mln)

184. The number of the world endangered plant (flowering) species is:

• 25 000

185. The number of the world endangered animal (vertebrates) species:

• 6 000

186. Boreal forests refer to:

• is a biome characterized by coniferous forests.

187. The percent of the earth surface covered by water versus to land is:

• 70%

188. The average renewal rate of lakes is:

• 17 years

189. The average renewal rate of underground waters is:

• 1400 years

190. Eutrophic lakes are:

• rich in organic matter and vegetation, making the waters relatively murky

191. Oligotrophic lakes are:

• contain little organic matter

192. Biological needs of water by a person per day are:

• 2-5

193. Industries contribute to water pollution if they:

• Release any pollutants as effluent.

• Do not release the water they have used for cooling back into the water course at the right temperature.

• Use in their processes more water than they return to the system.

• Return to the system water that is of a worse quality than the water taken out.

• Use more pesticides or fertilizers than necessary in their farming.

• Do not treat the waste run-off from animal houses before letting it into water courses (Все варианты верные)