- •1. Basic Assumption of Linguistic analysis and domains of Grammatical Studies
- •2. Noun: gender, number, case
- •There are four types of gender nouns in English.
- •The category of number
- •The category of case of English nouns
- •3. Paradigmatic & Syntagmatic Relations in Grammar
- •4. Noun: Article Determination
- •5. Types of Grammars.
- •6. The Adjective
- •Grammatical Category, Meaning and Form
- •9. Morphemic Structure of the Word.
- •10. Secondary parts. The object
- •11. Grammatical Classes of Words. Parts of Speech.
- •12. Secondary parts. The attribute
- •13. The Verb: Voice, Mood.
- •14. Syntax. Phrases.
- •16. The sentence.
- •17. The Verb: Verbals.
- •18. Functional sentence Perspective (Actual division of the sentence)
- •Irregular comparison
- •20. Composite Sentence as a Polypredicative construction.
- •21. The preposition
- •22. Compound Sentence
- •The conjunction
- •24. Composite sentence. Subject and predicative clauses.
- •25. Indirect speech and Represented Speech.
- •26.Secondary parts. The adverbial modifier.
- •27. The Particle
- •28. Communicative Types of sentences
- •29. Modal words
- •30. Syntactic Relations and Syntactic Connection
- •31. The Interjection
- •2. Extended – Dusk – of a summer night. The grass, this good, soft, lush grass. English spring flowers!
- •33. Parts of Sentence. The main Parts.
- •I can do it. He wants to work.
- •34. The sequence of tenses
- •I told you I’m in a hurry. Somebody asked me where I’m going.
- •35. Adverbial clauses
- •36. Semi-compound sentences
- •37. Attributive clauses
- •38.Semi-complex sentences
- •39.The apposition, Direct Addressis, Parenthesis
- •40. Syndetic Composite sentences.
- •41. Word order
- •42. Asyndetic Composite sentences.
- •I know he is here; This is the man I told you about;
- •43. Object clauses
- •44. Appositional Clause and Parenthetical Clause.
11. Grammatical Classes of Words. Parts of Speech.
The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called “parts of speech”.
Words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional.
To the notional parts of speech of the English language belong the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb.
The features of the noun are the following: 1) the categorial meaning of substance (”thingness”); 2) the changeable forms of number and case; the specific suffixal forms of derivation 3)the substantive functions in the sentence; prepositional connections; modification by an adjective.
The features of the adjective: 1) the categorial meaning of property (qualitative and relative); 2) the forms of the comparison; 3) adjectival functions in the “Sentence.
The features of the pronoun: I) the categorial meaning of indication 2) the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-building; 3) the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets.
The features of the verb: 1) the categorial meaning of process; 2) the forms of the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood; the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms; 3) the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb;
The features of the adverb: 1) the categorial meaning of the secondary property, 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs; 3) the functions of various adverbial modifiers.
12. Secondary parts. The attribute
The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property. Attributes may refer to nouns and other words of nominal nature, such as pronouns gerunds and substitute words, as in:It was a letter from his devoted friend.
An attribute may be expressed 1. By adjectives or adjectival phrases, which characterize the person or express the speaker’s attitude.a)The sand glittered like fine white sugar in the sun. b)He stood, unable to move or say a word. 2. By pronouns or pronominal phrases, which help to identify persons.The woman by no change of face showed that his words meant anything to her.3. By numerals,ordinal or cardinal, which state the number or order:He arrived just three weeks ago .4 By nouns or pronouns in the genitive case.He caught the sound of the children’s voices.4. By nouns in the common case, which characterize the person from the point of view of its locative, temporal, or other features. a) It happened on a December evening. If the headword is omitted (when the sentence is elliptical) the modifying word should still be considered as an attribute.(Suppose those postcards are a lunatic’s?)
The position of an attribute depends on:1. The morphological nature of the attribute. Adjectives, participles, gerunds, nouns in the common and the possessive cases, pronouns, ordinal numerals, and quotation nouns generally premodify the headword.He was a little man, with a thin voice. Adverbs, statives, cardinal numerals and infinitives are generally postmodifying attributes.Participles II and adjectives of verbal origin used as attributes also tend to occupy the position after the headword.The people involved were reported to the police. 2.. The morphological nature of the headword. Such words as demonstrative or indefinite pronouns and numerals cannot have an attribute in preposition.Those coming first occupied the best seats.There is nothing interesting in this book.