- •1. Basic Assumption of Linguistic analysis and domains of Grammatical Studies
- •2. Noun: gender, number, case
- •There are four types of gender nouns in English.
- •The category of number
- •The category of case of English nouns
- •3. Paradigmatic & Syntagmatic Relations in Grammar
- •4. Noun: Article Determination
- •5. Types of Grammars.
- •6. The Adjective
- •Grammatical Category, Meaning and Form
- •9. Morphemic Structure of the Word.
- •10. Secondary parts. The object
- •11. Grammatical Classes of Words. Parts of Speech.
- •12. Secondary parts. The attribute
- •13. The Verb: Voice, Mood.
- •14. Syntax. Phrases.
- •16. The sentence.
- •17. The Verb: Verbals.
- •18. Functional sentence Perspective (Actual division of the sentence)
- •Irregular comparison
- •20. Composite Sentence as a Polypredicative construction.
- •21. The preposition
- •22. Compound Sentence
- •The conjunction
- •24. Composite sentence. Subject and predicative clauses.
- •25. Indirect speech and Represented Speech.
- •26.Secondary parts. The adverbial modifier.
- •27. The Particle
- •28. Communicative Types of sentences
- •29. Modal words
- •30. Syntactic Relations and Syntactic Connection
- •31. The Interjection
- •2. Extended – Dusk – of a summer night. The grass, this good, soft, lush grass. English spring flowers!
- •33. Parts of Sentence. The main Parts.
- •I can do it. He wants to work.
- •34. The sequence of tenses
- •I told you I’m in a hurry. Somebody asked me where I’m going.
- •35. Adverbial clauses
- •36. Semi-compound sentences
- •37. Attributive clauses
- •38.Semi-complex sentences
- •39.The apposition, Direct Addressis, Parenthesis
- •40. Syndetic Composite sentences.
- •41. Word order
- •42. Asyndetic Composite sentences.
- •I know he is here; This is the man I told you about;
- •43. Object clauses
- •44. Appositional Clause and Parenthetical Clause.
39.The apposition, Direct Addressis, Parenthesis
An apposition is a special kind of attribute which is expressed by a noun which characterized or explain the word modified by giving the person or thing another name. There are 2 kinds: the close apposition and the loose or detached apposition. A close apposition is not separated by commas and stands in close connection with the word modified. These word-groups generally consist either of the name of a person and a noun denoting relationship, or a geographical name and some common name (Aunt Polly, President Roosevelt etc.-Even Aunt Ann was there.) Sometimes the apposition consists of the preposition of+noun (the town of Daventry, the city of London). The loose or detached appositionis notso closely connected with the noun. It’s always separated by commas and has a stress of its own.Direct Addressis the name of the person (normally) who is being directly spoken to.It is always a proper noun. It does not have any grammatical relationship to any part of the sentence. It is set off by commas.(What do you think of this, Georgia?)Parenthesis shows the speaker’s attitude towards the thought expressed in the sentence or connects a given sentence with another one, or summarizes that which is said in the sentence. A parenthesis is connected with the rest of the sentence rather semantically than grammatically. A parenthesis can be expressed by:1.modal words (indeed,maybe,actually etc.)2.Adverbs which to a certain extent serve as connectives(firstly,secondary,thus,then,still,besides etc.)3.Prepositional phrases(in a word,intruth,inshort,by the by etc.)4.Infinitive and participial phrases(to be sure,to tell the truth,to begin with etc)
40. Syndetic Composite sentences.
From the structural point of view sentences are classified as simple and composite. Composite sentences are divided into compound and complex. Composite sentences are a polypredicative construction.
The two main types of the connection of clauses are subordination/coordination. By coordination clauses are arranged as units of syntactically equal rank. By subordination they are arranged as units of unequal rank, one being categorically dominated by the other.
The means of combining clauses are syndetic or asyndetic.
In syndetic compound sentences the type of coordination is expressed explicitly by means of coordinators, coordinating conjunctions. – and, but, for, so that;
The light went out, the curtain went up and the show began.
The peculiarity of – and- / -or- is that they can link more than two clauses. Coordinators can be divided into one member or simple (and, but) and multi-member (rather…or);
41. Word order
The English language is characterized by a fixed word order. Word order indicates the syntactical function of the word. In declarative sentences: 1-subject; 2 – predicate; 3 – direct object; The indirect object is placed between the verb and its direct object. The prepositional object is placed after the direct object or if there is no direct object, after the predicate.
Adverbial modifiers is placed after the objects or after the predicate. Manner-time-place;
The order of the words in which the predicate is placed before the subject is called inversion. Full inversion occurs in declarative sentences beginning with adverbial modifiers of place. Full inversion is when the sentence begins with the words here, there, now, then if the subject is a noun.
Partial inversion takes place in sentences beginning with such words as never, seldom, rarely, little, not only.