- •1. Basic Assumption of Linguistic analysis and domains of Grammatical Studies
- •2. Noun: gender, number, case
- •There are four types of gender nouns in English.
- •The category of number
- •The category of case of English nouns
- •3. Paradigmatic & Syntagmatic Relations in Grammar
- •4. Noun: Article Determination
- •5. Types of Grammars.
- •6. The Adjective
- •Grammatical Category, Meaning and Form
- •9. Morphemic Structure of the Word.
- •10. Secondary parts. The object
- •11. Grammatical Classes of Words. Parts of Speech.
- •12. Secondary parts. The attribute
- •13. The Verb: Voice, Mood.
- •14. Syntax. Phrases.
- •16. The sentence.
- •17. The Verb: Verbals.
- •18. Functional sentence Perspective (Actual division of the sentence)
- •Irregular comparison
- •20. Composite Sentence as a Polypredicative construction.
- •21. The preposition
- •22. Compound Sentence
- •The conjunction
- •24. Composite sentence. Subject and predicative clauses.
- •25. Indirect speech and Represented Speech.
- •26.Secondary parts. The adverbial modifier.
- •27. The Particle
- •28. Communicative Types of sentences
- •29. Modal words
- •30. Syntactic Relations and Syntactic Connection
- •31. The Interjection
- •2. Extended – Dusk – of a summer night. The grass, this good, soft, lush grass. English spring flowers!
- •33. Parts of Sentence. The main Parts.
- •I can do it. He wants to work.
- •34. The sequence of tenses
- •I told you I’m in a hurry. Somebody asked me where I’m going.
- •35. Adverbial clauses
- •36. Semi-compound sentences
- •37. Attributive clauses
- •38.Semi-complex sentences
- •39.The apposition, Direct Addressis, Parenthesis
- •40. Syndetic Composite sentences.
- •41. Word order
- •42. Asyndetic Composite sentences.
- •I know he is here; This is the man I told you about;
- •43. Object clauses
- •44. Appositional Clause and Parenthetical Clause.
33. Parts of Sentence. The main Parts.
In a sentence we distinguish the principal parts, secondary parts and independent elements. The principal parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary parts are the attribute, the object and the adverbial modifier. The subject is the principle part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the predicate) is grammatically dependent. It can be expressed:
-a noun in the common case (the sulky waiter brought my tea.)
-a pronoun-personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, possessive, interrogative.(Who tore this book?)
-a substantivized adjective or participle. (The wounded were taken good care of.)
-a numeral (The first and fourth stood beside him in the water.)
-an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction. (To live is to work.)
-a gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction. (Lying doesn’t go well with me)
-any part of speech used as a quotation. (On is a preposition.)
-a quotation group (I shan’t be able to give you very much. Perhaps this what’s-his-name will provide the cocoa.) Subject can be personal, indefinite-personal and impersonal.
The subject of a personal sent.denotes a certain person, thing or abstract notion.
The subject of indefinite-personal may be expressed by the pronouns one, they, you, wewhen they refer to people in general. You never can tell what will happen.
If the subject of a sent.is expressed by an infinitive, a gerund it is often placed after the predicate and sentence begins with the introductory IT. It was getting dark.
The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject. It’s grammatically dependent upon the subject. According to the structure and the meaning - 2 types:1.the simple verbal predicate and 2.compound predicate – compound verbal and compound nominal.
The simple verbal predicate is expressed by a finite form of the verb in any tense, voice, and mood.
He knows nothing about me.
The compound verbal consists of: a)modal verb +infinitive; b)verb + infinitive/gerund;
I can do it. He wants to work.
The compound nominal consists of a link verb and a predicative (the nominal part of the predicate). The predicative is expressed by a noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, adverb, non-finite forms of a verb.
My sister is fifteen today. She looked tired.
34. The sequence of tenses
The sequence of tenses is a dependence oаthe tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause.
If the verb in the principle clause expresses a past action, a past tense or future-in-the-past is used in the object clause.
If the action ofthe object clause refers to the same period of time as the past action of the principal clause, the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous is used in the object clause.
You had not told me where you were going.
If the action of the object clause precedes the past action of the principal clause, The Past Perfect is used in the object clause. I thought you had left England.
If the action of the object clause refers to the future with regard to the past moment of the principal clause, the verb of the subordinate clause is in the Future-in-the-Past. I knew that you would understand me.
If the object clause is subordinating to another subordinate clause, the tense of the verb in the object clause depends on the predicate of the clause to which it is subordinated.He said that his siter had written him that she worked at a plant.
The sequence of tenses is usually not observed if the object clause expresses a well-known fact.
He knew that metals conduct electricity.
If the action of the object clause is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause or future with regard to the time of speaking, the sequence of tenses is not always observed – the present or future tense can be used in the object clause though the action of the principal clause refers to the past.