- •1. Basic Assumption of Linguistic analysis and domains of Grammatical Studies
- •2. Noun: gender, number, case
- •There are four types of gender nouns in English.
- •The category of number
- •The category of case of English nouns
- •3. Paradigmatic & Syntagmatic Relations in Grammar
- •4. Noun: Article Determination
- •5. Types of Grammars.
- •6. The Adjective
- •Grammatical Category, Meaning and Form
- •9. Morphemic Structure of the Word.
- •10. Secondary parts. The object
- •11. Grammatical Classes of Words. Parts of Speech.
- •12. Secondary parts. The attribute
- •13. The Verb: Voice, Mood.
- •14. Syntax. Phrases.
- •16. The sentence.
- •17. The Verb: Verbals.
- •18. Functional sentence Perspective (Actual division of the sentence)
- •Irregular comparison
- •20. Composite Sentence as a Polypredicative construction.
- •21. The preposition
- •22. Compound Sentence
- •The conjunction
- •24. Composite sentence. Subject and predicative clauses.
- •25. Indirect speech and Represented Speech.
- •26.Secondary parts. The adverbial modifier.
- •27. The Particle
- •28. Communicative Types of sentences
- •29. Modal words
- •30. Syntactic Relations and Syntactic Connection
- •31. The Interjection
- •2. Extended – Dusk – of a summer night. The grass, this good, soft, lush grass. English spring flowers!
- •33. Parts of Sentence. The main Parts.
- •I can do it. He wants to work.
- •34. The sequence of tenses
- •I told you I’m in a hurry. Somebody asked me where I’m going.
- •35. Adverbial clauses
- •36. Semi-compound sentences
- •37. Attributive clauses
- •38.Semi-complex sentences
- •39.The apposition, Direct Addressis, Parenthesis
- •40. Syndetic Composite sentences.
- •41. Word order
- •42. Asyndetic Composite sentences.
- •I know he is here; This is the man I told you about;
- •43. Object clauses
- •44. Appositional Clause and Parenthetical Clause.
31. The Interjection
The Interjection is a part of speech which expresses various emotions without naming them. According to their meaning Int. fall under 2 main groups: 1.Emotional int. 2. Imperative int.
Emotional Int. expresses the feelings of the speaker. They are: ah, oh, eh, bravo…
Imperative int. shows the will of the speaker or his order or appeal to the hearer. They are: here, hush, sh-sh, well, come…
Int. can be primary and secondary. Primary Int. is not derived from other parts of speech. Most of them are simple words: ah, oh, eh, pooh, bravo, etc. Only a few primary interjections are composite: Heigh-ho! Hey-ho! Holla-ho! Gee-ho!
Seondary Int. is derived from other parts of speech.They are homonymous with the words they are derived from. They are: well, now, here, there, come, etc. (Derivarive Int. should not be confused with exclamation-words, such as nonsense, shame, good, etc. ) Derivative Int. may be simple: well, here, there, come and composite: dear me, hang it. Int. is used as independent sentence-words or independent elements of the sentence.
32. One-member sentences. Elliptical
One-member sentences in English are of two types: nominal and verbal sentences;
Nominal sentences are those in which the principal part is expressed by a noun. They state the existence of the things expressed by them. They typical of descriptions.
Nominal: 1.unextended – Silence.Summer.Midnight.
2. Extended – Dusk – of a summer night. The grass, this good, soft, lush grass. English spring flowers!
Verbal sentences are those in which the principle part is expressed by a non-finite form of the verb, either an infinitive or a gerund. Infinitive and gerundial one-member sentences are mostly used to describe different emotional perceptions of reality.
To think of that! Living at the mercy of a woman!
Elliptical
A two-member sentence may be either complete or incomplete (elliptical). An elliptical sentence is a sentence in which one or more words-forms in the principal positions are omitted. Ellipsis here refers only to the structural elements of the sentence, not the informational ones. This means that those words can be omitted, because the have only grammatical, structural relevance, and do not carry any new relevant information.
There are several types of elliptical sentences.
1.without a word-form in the subject position: Looks like rain. Seems difficult!
2.without word-form in the subject position and part of the predicate position (a)an auxiliary verb /(b) link verb): a)Going home soon?, Heard nothing about him lately.b)Not bad./ Free this evening?/Nice of you to come.
3. without a word-form only in part of the predicate position, which may be an auxiliary or a link verb.
You seen them?/ Everything fixed?/You sure?
4.without word-form both in the subject and the predicate position.
What time does Dave come for lunch? – One o’clock.
Where are you going? – Home.
5.without a word-form in the predicate position. Only occur in replies to question.
Who lives there? – Jack
What’s happened? – Nothing.