- •1. Basic Assumption of Linguistic analysis and domains of Grammatical Studies
- •2. Noun: gender, number, case
- •There are four types of gender nouns in English.
- •The category of number
- •The category of case of English nouns
- •3. Paradigmatic & Syntagmatic Relations in Grammar
- •4. Noun: Article Determination
- •5. Types of Grammars.
- •6. The Adjective
- •Grammatical Category, Meaning and Form
- •9. Morphemic Structure of the Word.
- •10. Secondary parts. The object
- •11. Grammatical Classes of Words. Parts of Speech.
- •12. Secondary parts. The attribute
- •13. The Verb: Voice, Mood.
- •14. Syntax. Phrases.
- •16. The sentence.
- •17. The Verb: Verbals.
- •18. Functional sentence Perspective (Actual division of the sentence)
- •Irregular comparison
- •20. Composite Sentence as a Polypredicative construction.
- •21. The preposition
- •22. Compound Sentence
- •The conjunction
- •24. Composite sentence. Subject and predicative clauses.
- •25. Indirect speech and Represented Speech.
- •26.Secondary parts. The adverbial modifier.
- •27. The Particle
- •28. Communicative Types of sentences
- •29. Modal words
- •30. Syntactic Relations and Syntactic Connection
- •31. The Interjection
- •2. Extended – Dusk – of a summer night. The grass, this good, soft, lush grass. English spring flowers!
- •33. Parts of Sentence. The main Parts.
- •I can do it. He wants to work.
- •34. The sequence of tenses
- •I told you I’m in a hurry. Somebody asked me where I’m going.
- •35. Adverbial clauses
- •36. Semi-compound sentences
- •37. Attributive clauses
- •38.Semi-complex sentences
- •39.The apposition, Direct Addressis, Parenthesis
- •40. Syndetic Composite sentences.
- •41. Word order
- •42. Asyndetic Composite sentences.
- •I know he is here; This is the man I told you about;
- •43. Object clauses
- •44. Appositional Clause and Parenthetical Clause.
25. Indirect speech and Represented Speech.
Indirect speech is a form of utterance in which the words of the speaker are reported.
Direct speech is characterized by a looseness of structure and is more emotional than indirect speech.
Indirect speech characterized by logic of the structure.
When the direct speech is converted:
The quotation marks and comma are omitted.
If the verb in the principal clause Is in the past tense, demonstrative pronoun and adverbials expressing nearness are replaced by words expressing distance:
Here – there; This – that ;These- those; Now – then, at that moment; Today – that day; Yesterday – the day before; Year ago – year before; Last night – previous night;
If the speaker at the same time as the speaker whose words are reported, the demonstr.pronoun and adv. are not changed. An hour ago he said he would come here tonight.
If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of tenses.
She said, “We often write letters” - She said they often wrote letters.
When the sentences containing the Subjunctive Mood are converted into indirect speech the form of the verb remains unchanged. I should be discharged if I were seen speaking to you. -She said that she would be discharged if she were seen speaking to him.
Word order in an indirect question is the same as in a statement. An indirect general question is introduced by the conjunction if , whether. I said to her “ Have you lived here long?” – I asked her if she had lived there long.
An indirect special question is introduced by the same adverb or pronoun.
I said to her, “Where do you live?” – I asked her where she lived.
If a direct question to the subject contains the link verb to be the direct order of words is not observed.
He asked, “Who is that man?” – He asked who the man was.
An order or a request in indirect speech is expressed by an infinitive: She said to him, “open the window” – She told him to open the window.
When converting offers and suggestions into indirect speech we use the verbs to offer and to suggest.
He said to her, “Shall I fetch you a glass of water?” - He offered to fetch her a glass of water.
When greeting converted we use such verbs as to greet, to welcome.
She said to them, “How do you do?” – She greeted them.
26.Secondary parts. The adverbial modifier.
There are several ways of classifying adverbial modifiers: (1) according to their meaning, (2) according to their morphological peculiarities.
Adverbial modifiers are expressed by nouns, particle, gerund with a preposition, infinitive, an adverb.
Adverbial modifier of:
-Time we shall try it tomorrow;
-frequency, they very often eat ice-cream;
-Place and direction, Gains had spies (шпионить) everywhere.
-Manner - He obviously adored his life;
- Attendant circumstances, now I can go to bed without dreading tomorrow.
-Cause, He shivered with cold;
-Purpose, they opened the way for her to come to him.
-Result, He is too fond of a child to leave it.
-Condition, But for the rain, we would go to the forest;
-Concession, Though frightened he carried it off very well.
-Degree – It is rather good
-comparison Like all the Forsytes of a certain age they kept carriages of their own.
Parenthesis
Parenthesis – words and phrases which have no syntactical ties with the sentence, and express the speaker’s attitude towards what he says.