22. Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other . A clause is a part of a sentence has a subject and a predicate of its own. Ina compound sent. The clauses may be connected :

1)syndetically by means of coordinating conjunctions ( and, or, else, but) or conjunctive adverbs (otherwise, however, nevertheless, yet, still, therefore);

The darkness was thinning, but the steer was still dimply lighted.

2)asyndetically without a conjunction or conjunctive adverb.

The rain fell softly, the house was quiet.

There are 4 types of coordination:

1)Copulative coordination (соединительная связь)expressed by the conjunctions and, nor, neither…nor, not only…but.

It was a nice little place and Mr. and Mrs. Witla were rather proud of it.

2)Disjunctive coordination (разделительная) expressed by the conjunctions or, else, or else, either … or, and the conjunctive adverb otherwise.

He knew it to be nonsense or it would have frightened him.

3)Adversative coordination (противительная) expressed by conj. but, while, whereas and conj.adverb nevertheless, still, yet.

The room was dark, but the street was lighter because of its lamps.

4)Causative –consecutive coordination (причинно-следственная) expressed by conj. For, so, and conj.adverb therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence.

After all, the two of them belonged to the same trade, so talk was easy and happy between them.

23. The conjunction

The conjunction is a part of speech which denotes connection between objects and phenomena. It connects parts of the sentence, clauses!

Morphological structure:

1)simple (and, or, but, till, after);

2)derivative (until, unless,);

3)compound (however, whereas);

4)composite ( as well as, as long as, in case);

Some conj. Are used in pairs ( correlatively): both…and, either…or, not only…but, neither…nor.

Function:

1)coordinating; are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal;

2)subordinating; are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause;

Position

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.

Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.

Coordinating conjunctions there are 4 dif. kinds :

1)Copulative: and, nor, as well as… The fact is added to another.

2)Disjunctive: or, either…or, or else. Choice between one statement and another

3)Adversative: but, while, whereas. One statement is contrasted with another.

4)Causative-consecutive: so, for! Denote consequences, result

Subordinate conjunctions may introduce subject clauses, object, and predicative, adverbial, attribute clauses.

IF - introduce object and adverbial clauses of condition.

If the man ran, he would run after him.

AS - introduce adverbial clauses of time, of cause and of comparison.

Sub.conj. may be used in simple sentences. They join adverbial modifiers to the predicate of the sentence.

24. Composite sentence. Subject and predicative clauses.

A complex sent. consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

Clauses in a complex sentence may be linked in two ways:

1. Syndetically by mean за subordinate conjunctions or connectives.

2. Asyndetically without conj or connectives.

A subordinate clause may follow, precede, or interrupt the principal clause. A complex sent.may contain two or more homogeneous clauses coordinated with each other.

According to their grammatical function subordinate clauses are divided into subject, predicative, object, and adverbial clauses.

Subject clauses perform the function of subject to the predicate of the principal clause.

What I want to do is to save us both.

Subject clauses are connected with the principal clause :

• By means of the conj. That, if, weather;

• By means of connectives Who, which, what, whoever, whatever

• Asyndetically

Predicative clauses perform the function of a predicative. The peculiarity of complex sentences with a predicative clause is that in the principal clause we find only part of the predicate, i.e. a link verb, which together with the predicative clause forms a compound nominal predicate.

Predicative clauses are connected:

• By means of conj.that, if, weather, as if; I felt as if the death had laid a hand on me.

• By means of connectives Who, which, what;

• Asyndetically

The object clause denotes an object-situation of the process. Ex. She cannot imagine what you are doing there.

Attributive clauses express some characteristics. Ex. I shook out my scarf which was damp.