5.2 Characteristic and types of universities and polytechnical higher education institutions.

On structure universities are subdivided on kollegikalny and unitary. The most striking example of joint universities — Oxford and Cambridge which structure respectively includes 39 and 29 colleges. In unitary universities faculties and educational offices enter structure.

Activity of universities is regulated by their royal charters or charters.

Formally the university is headed by the chancellor, naznachayekmy the queen and to be, as a rule, ceremonial number. Really the head of the government of university is the vice-chancellor or the rector (Scotland). The managements of universities — council and the Senate. Council — the supreme administrative body which forms teaching and auxiliary structure, resolves financial issues. The senate — the academic body. The chairman of the board and the senate is the vice-chancellor who is elected. The structure of governing bodies also is elected. Representatives of the faculty recently began to enter into governing bodies on a parity basis, students and the external organizations, zainteresovankny in training of specialists.

Academic year in institutions of higher education of Great Britain begins in October, and all divide, as a rule, on trimesters for 8 — 10 weeks. Duration of summer vacations makes four months — from June 1 to September 30.

The main types of occupations in institutions of higher education of Great Britain are lectures, seminars, laboratory works, and also тьюториалы (the person and the method of group of training, predkpolagayushchiya occupation from 2 — 10 students who are carried out the instructor are no more rare, than once a week). A lot of attention is paid to independent work of students. Occupations of Prakktichesky take out for structure of the curriculum and don't consider at calculation of balance of school hours. Tradiktsionny academism of universities led to that prokizvodstvenny practice or doesn't join at all in про¬грамму preparations, or takes in it an insignificant place though many universities demand from students of independent acquisition of practical experience. In some degree the solution of this problem is promoted by an obukcheniye on system a sandwich courses according to which work on production is an integral part of educational process and alternates with theoretical training. Such form began to be applied and at universities, but it gained a nakiboly wide circulation in system of further education and, in particular, in polytechnical colleges.

Creation of Open university was razkvitiya beginning in the country of higher formation of correspondence. The university carries out preparation in the following directions: gumanitarkny natural, to social sciences, mathematics, pedagogics and the production technology. Training is in work on the basis of independent studying of textbooks, the methodical materials, recommended literature (60% of school hours), educational TV and broadcasts (10%), work with the instructor or the teacher (15%), vykpolneniye of practical works, control written zakdaniye (15%).

The system of examinations at universities is determined by the charters, however two osnovkny of examination — at the end of the 1st and 3rd years of training are in most cases executed; results of examinations the look and level adapted degree, usually is established.

The academic degrees are appropriated to graduates of higher educational institutions; universiktetsky and Council for national academic qualifications.

On the educational level of degree, prisuzhdakemy at universities, are divided on perkvy and the highest. In the majority of universities the first degree on humanitarian and natural sciences — the bachelor. The course for receiving the first degree usually makes 3 or 4 years (in medicine — 6 years).

The first academic degrees happen two types — honourable and usual. The training course calculated on a polukcheniye of honourable degree, assumes deep studying of limited number of subjects (in most cases osknovny and one-two auxiliary). The course conducting to receiving usual degree, is calculated on studying of more wide range of disciplines.

The highest degrees awarded in institutions of higher education, degrees of owners of sciences, arts and philosophy; doctors of philosophy, literature, right. Degrees of the owner of sciences or arts are adapted after receiving degree of the bachelor and further training (1 — 2 years) or performance of research work. Recently degree of the owner of philosophy which in general is awarded for research work which was performed to tekcheniye of 2 years and it is more entered. It should be noted that degree of the master in general is a little widespread in the country, and it often awards to people who could have no full training of the doctor of a course.

Degree of the doctor of philosophy can be considered as the first scientific degree in the field of England. It is appropriated after preparation and successful protection of the thesis, kotokry grows from scientific researches. Usually such work demands not less than 3 years.

As the outstanding contribution to science or universities of practice adapts degrees or literatures of the highest doctor.

Procedure of enrollment of students of England is caused by existence of two sectors of the higher education. In universities the persons having the general certificate on education (General Certificate of Education), including not less than two subjects corresponding to the chosen type of specialty which are handed over at the raised level are accepted. Prikem in universities is carried out in centralized to a pokryadka. More than 90% of entrants arrive in these higher education institutions through Central office on reception. To council the statement in which the entrant specifies chosen specialty and the name no more than 5 universities where he would like to be engaged is sent. Council considers, the statement and directs it in one of educational institutions which on the basis of competition of documents makes a final decision concerning transfer. In some cases at receipt the school characteristic is required, sometimes the entrant is called for interview or testing. In some university colleges of Oxford and Cambridge competitive entrance examinations are carried out.

Reception before a gift of time is executed in polytechnical colleges on a separate basis: participants submit applications to the chosen institution of higher education. The issue of reception is also resolved on the basis of competition of documents on obrazokvaniye. Requirements as a whole are a little lower, than in universities: it is enough to have one subject in general the certificate on the education transferred at lifted level.

The education system of England in general is financed from the state sources. Private vlokzheniye don't exceed 4% of the general expenses for education.