4 . Characteristic of system of further education

The system of further education represents a conglomerate of a large number various kolledkzhy, training centers, institutes in which preparation at various levels is carried out — from professionalkno-technical to the highest. In total in system of further education about 700 specialized educational institutions — from local colleges in which the youth at the age of 16 — 18 years is trained on the job on production, to polytechnical, komkpleksny educational institutions in which preparation at various levels is carried out are, including and the highest. Pomikmo of the specified institutions, in system further an obrazovakniya works more than 7 thousand evening institutes and the centers for training of adults. These educational institutions conduct preparation on various specialties or provide povyshekny educational and cultural level of an adult nasekleniye.

All establishments of system of further education are under control of local governments. The exception is made by the educational institutions having royal charters.

In comparison with previous years the number of pupils of day training grows in the general student's contingent.

From 60th years in system of further education про¬изошли considerable changes — to its educational institutions the right to award the academic degrees was granted, i.e. there was an opportunity to graduate not only at universities, but also in the polytechnical educational institutions opened on the basis of the largest technical and commercial colleges.

Now polytechnical colleges - the main establishments of system of further education in which training of experts with vyksshy education is concentrated. But it should be noted that they represent difficult educational institutions, osushchestvlyayukshchy preparation both on usual, and in the advanced course (for the purpose of receiving the higher education), and a share of students who are occupied with programs of the highest obrazokvaniye, do in them a little more than 30% of the general contingent.

Absence of uniform curricula and programs (training is conducted according to the programs approved by local educational bodies and professional societies) the obrazovakniya results in considerable distinctions in level of preparation of graduates of educational institutions of system further.

5 . System of the higher education in england

5.1 . Prospect, reforms and general characteristic

The higher education in Great Britain is presented by universities and polytechnical colleges. To 60th it it was executed only at universities. But in 50 — the 60th in Great Britain start becoming aggravated sharply contradictions between system opportunities of obrazovakniya at all its levels and public requirements of social and economic character. Education reforms in Great Britain began with the higher school. In the early sixties in the country I began to be felt an acute shortage of the highly skilled personnel.

The 60th years are celebrated by rapid growth of university education. During this period in the country 23 universities or a half existing in a gift time were created.

In 1964 — 1977 institutes new type for Great Britain — the technological university was created. Technological universities of steel 10 being 'colleges of advanced technology.

In 1969 the first distantny university of training — the Open university was created. During 60 — the 70th years more than the number of students of universities doubled (in 1970 at universities of Great Britain, 259 thousand students were trained), and total of universities increased to 45.

Parallel to development of university education there is a formation and expansion of public sector of the higher education, professional focused and calculated on satisfaction of local potrebknost. Its basis made 30 polytechnical colleges created in 1969 — 1970 as a result of merge of a number of technical, commercial colleges and colleges of arts. Value of alternative sector of the higher education continuously increases.

Thus, in the 60th — the beginning of the 70th years in Velikobkritany binary notation of the highest the presented obrazovakniya, on the one hand, universities, with another — polytechnical colleges and others educational establishments of public sector of the highest obrazovakniya is created.

Come to the power in 1979 the conservative pravitelkstvo started carrying out tactics of rapprochement of two sectors of the higher education, alignment of a legal basis of a deyaktelnost of all higher educational institutions regardless of their status. The main actions of this period were directed on encouragement of activity of higher educational institutions on improvement of mechanisms of management and financing for satisfaction of social and economic needs of the country.

Financing became the main lever of impact on system of the higher education. In the early eighties the praviktelstvo carries out a number of actions for reduction of expenses on university education for the purpose of more their rational use. Generally the natural-science and technical directions of preparation develop, commercial activity of universities, expansion of their contacts with industrial and kommerkchesky spheres is encouraged. The autonomy of universities is sharply limited as the government the message part of the account of the budget which was demands new in university life, and also enters control of regulation of number and their distribution in the directions of a podgoktovka of students, formation of the content of training, nakpravleniye of scientific researches. Direct control of activity of universities is exercised also from Royal inspection. First of all, it belongs to the statement of pedagogical education at universities.

If for universities formation of prokfessionalization, for polytechnical kolkledzhy — strengthening of general scientific and all-vocational training became the main problem. At the last from the very beginning I was strong communications with the industrial and commercial enterprises, firms. However they considerably depended on local educational bodies as in financial, adminisktrativny, and the educational relation. Therefore restriction of "petty" guardianship of local authorities and transition under jurisdiction of the central educational bodies became the main objective of these colleges. In this regard the purposes of universities and polytechnical colleges had an opposite hakrakter.