- •О. М. Ільченко
- •Introduction 3
- •4 Introduction
- •Позначення, якi зустрiчаються у книзi
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •6 Contents
- •8 Chapter 1
- •Types of Science Products
- •10 Chapter
- •12 Chapter 1
- •Grammar: articles and their usage
- •General usage of articles:
- •14 Chapter 1 articles used with certain expressions
- •Articles with proper names
- •16 Chapter 1
- •18 Chapter 1
- •20 Chapter 1
- •22 Chapter 1
- •Noteworthy
- •24 Chapter 2
- •26 Chapter 2 grammar: expression of quantity.
- •I. Large quantity
- •Other expressions denoting large quantity:
- •II. Small quantity
- •28 Chapter 2
- •Other expressions:
- •Mind other expressions:
- •30 Chapter 2
- •Borrowed plural forms:
- •32 Chapter 2
- •By learning the prefixes you will understand the meaning of words.
- •34 Chapter 2
- •36 Chapter 2
- •38 Chapter 2
- •Noteworthy
- •40 Chapter 3
- •42 Chapter 3 grammar: system of tenses
- •44 Chapter 3 simple future (Future Indefinite)
- •46 Chapter 3
- •48 Chapter 3
- •Sequence of Tenses (Reported Speech)
- •50 Chapters 3
- •52 Chapter 3
- •Comment on these graphs:
- •54 Chapter 3
- •56 Chapter 3
- •Noteworthy
- •58 Chapter 4
- •60 Chapter 4
- •Grammar: structure of english sentence
- •62 Chapter 4
- •Logical connectors
- •64 Chapter 4
- •Exemplification
- •Summary
- •Contrast
- •66 Chapter 4
- •Purpose
- •Concession
- •68 Chapter 4 reason, cause and effect (result)
- •Expression of comparison
- •70 Chapter 4
- •Double comparative
- •Irregular formation
- •72 Chapter 4
- •74 Chapter 4
- •76 Chapter 4
- •78 Chapter 4
- •80 Chapter 4 Noteworthy
- •82 Chapter 5
- •84 Chapter 5 grammar: mood. Expression of conditions
- •Semantic types of conditional sentences
- •Real conditions
- •Unreal conditions
- •86 Chapter 5
- •Other expressions denoting conditions:
- •88 Chapter 5
- •90 Chapter 5
- •92 Chapter 5
- •94 Chapter 5
- •96 Chapter 5
- •Internet
- •98 Chapter 6
- •100 Chapters
- •102 Chapters grammar: modal verbs and their equivalents (phrasal modals)
- •Modal verbs
- •104 Chapter 6
- •106 Chapter 6
- •108 Chapter6
- •110 Chapter 6
- •Acronyms and Initialisms
- •112 Chapter 6
- •114 Chapter 6
- •Noteworthy
- •116 Chapter 6
- •Interactive Multimedia English Suffixes
- •118 Chapter 7
- •Translate Ukrainian sentences, then match the two columns:
- •120 Chapter 7 grammar: the passive voice
- •Subject object
- •The passive is usually used:
- •1. Indirect Passive:
- •2. Prepositional Passive
- •122 Chapter 7 Other ways of expressing passive:
- •The passive is usually found with the following verbs and set phrases:
- •124 Chapter7
- •126 Chapter 7
- •Adjective suffixes
- •Verb suffixes
- •Noun suffixes
- •1. Make nouns from these words:
- •2. Make verbs from these words:
- •3. Make adjectives from these words:
- •128 Chapter7
- •Noteworthy
- •134 Chapter 8 grammar: verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs) participle
- •Verbals are:
- •Participle
- •Perfect Participle
- •Participles in a Sentence (a,b,c)
- •136 Chapters
- •Participal constructions
- •138 Chapters other constructions
- •140 Chapter 8
- •142 Chapter 8
- •144 Chapter 8
- •Noteworthy
- •146 Chapter 8
- •Alchemy
- •148 Chapter 9
- •Fossil fuels
- •150 Chapter 9
- •152 Chapter 9
- •154 Chapter 9 Constructions with the Infinitive
- •156 Chapter 9
- •158 Chapter 9
- •1. Green Products
- •160 Chapter 9
- •162 Chapter 9
- •164 Chapter 9
- •Noteworthy
- •166 Chapter 10
- •168 Chapter 10
- •Are used with the following verbs:
- •Use gerund with the following expressions
- •170 Chapter 10
- •Constructions with gerund
- •172 Chapter 10
- •174 Chapter 10
- •I scored highest in _____________________________________
- •I scored second highest in _______________________________
- •Intelligent manufacturing system
- •176 Chapter 10
- •178 Chapter 10
- •Noteworthy
- •180 Chapter 10 uNscientifically speaking... Theorem:
- •It doesn't matter if something I buy turns out to be a mistake and unreturnable, because three years ago I found fifty dollars on the street, so that balances everything out!
- •182 Chapter 11
- •How to Speak in Public
- •184 Chapter 11 grammar: emphasis
- •186 Chapter 11
- •188 Chapter 11
- •The Ax Story
- •A checklist for information age
- •190 Chapter 11
- •192 Chapter 11
- •194 Appendix I
- •Initiate the discussion
- •II about you
- •196 Appendix II
- •198 Appendix III
- •Abstract (a short summary of a paper)
- •За змістом та методами дослідження
- •200 Appendix IV
- •Conference mini-vocabulary
- •202 Appendix IV
- •Basic criteria regarding the level of papers
- •Registration form
- •Please complete in block letters (type or print)
- •204 Appendix V
- •Tips on resume writing
- •Types of questions
- •1. General questions
- •Verbs make and do
- •208 Appendix VIII
- •Irregular verbs
- •210 Appendix IX, X
- •Frequency scale
- •Probability scale
- •Toefl: first steps
- •Tips on Section 1
- •212 Appendix XI
- •214 Appendix XI
- •Tips on Section 2
- •Checklist for Section 2
- •216 Appendix XI
- •6. Articles and Singular/Plural Nouns
- •11. Unnecessary repetition
- •12. Parallel structures
- •13. Word order
- •Tips on Section 3
- •218 Appendix XI
- •Test of written English (twe)
- •Tips on twe
- •Sample essay
- •220 Final Test Final Test
- •120 Questions
- •I. Read the passage and choose the one best answer to each question.
- •II. Complete the following sentences
- •222 Final Test
- •224 Final Test
- •226 Final Test
- •III. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.
- •228 Final Test
- •230 Final Test
- •232 Final Test
- •234 Answer key answer key chapter 1
- •Chapter 2
- •Chapter 3
- •236 Answer key
- •Chapter 4
- •Chapter 5
- •Chapter 6
- •238 Answer key chapter 7
- •Chapter 8
- •Chapter 9
- •Chapter 10
- •Chapter 11
- •240 Answer key
- •Final test
- •241 Л1тература
- •Словники
- •Навчальне видання Ільченко Ольга Михайлівна Англійська мова для науковців
How to Speak in Public
Be prepared
Find out why you are there, what is expected of you, how much time you have.
Note down the points you want to make. Don't try to memorize a whole speech — key words on index cards are often useful.
Check and double-check technical equipment (microphones, slide projectors, visual presenters etc.). Make sure you know where the power switch is.
What you say
Say what you need to say as clearly as possible. Repeat key phrases/points at the end.
Any new information you can incorporate into your speech such as recent statistics, will help to keep your audience interested. However, be careful not to base your whole talk on statistics and/or background information. Tell them something they don't already know. At the end of your talk ask if there are any questions. You can be sure that if you speak effectively, people will remember you.
Coping with nerves
Take a couple of deep breaths before starting. Think of professional achievements you are proud of and keep it at the back of your mind.
Speak clearly and smile. Keep your body relaxed and use controlled gestures and pauses for emphasis.
184 Chapter 11 grammar: emphasis
Emphasis (intensification) may be signaled in various ways including special stress, intonation, grammar patterns, choice of words etc.
Emphatic DO дієслово — підсилювач
Reflexive pronoun after noun зворотний займенник після іменника
Double negation подвійне заперечення
It is/was ... that/who It was not until ... that |
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This theory does hold. Ця теорія є дійсно справедливою. It did seem strange. Це справді видавалося дивним.
Science itself proceeds from the known (dull) to the unknown (interesting). Власне наука йде від відомого (нецікавого) до невідомого (цікавого).
The case is not improbable. Випадок є ймовірним (не є неймовірним). It is not that we are doing nothing about this problem. Ми вживаємо певні заходи стосовно цієї проблеми (невірно, що ми нічого не робимо).
It was professor Johnson who delivered a lecture last week. Саме професор Джонсон прочитав лекцію минулого тижня. It is this theory that is of interest to us. Саме ця теорія цікавить нас. It was not until 1895 that Popov invented radio. I лише у 1895 р. Попов винайшов радіо |
NOTE Важливо відрізняти цю конструкцію від безособових зворотів типу It is believed It is known It is interesting It is (not) surprising |
|
IS or ARE? |
|
It was the student It was the students |
who helped us |
|
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not only ... but also ... both ... and...
either ... or ... neither ... nor ...
hardly ... scarcely ... |
He visited not only Washington, but also New York. Він відвідав не тільки Вашінгтон, але також i Нью-Йорк. Або: Не visited both Washington and New York.
Neither my father nor I were there. Ані мій батько, ані я не були там. It's either black or white. Колір або чорний, або білий.
Hardly/Scarcely had they arrived when they had to leave again. Ледве (тільки-но) вони приїхали, i повинні знову їхати. |
Chapter 11 185
Inversion Інверсія — непрямий порядок слів
Double inversion Подвійна інверсія (на початку речення — складний присудок, виражений дієприкметником I або II, іменником з прийменником або прикметником)
Emphatic words емфатичні слова (слова-підсилювачі)
really, indeed
certainly, only, even, so, such, too, very, extremely, intensely, just;
*as much as ,*as late (early) as та подібні
*well + verb |
I will never go there (прямий порядок слів) Never will I go there (непрямий порядок слів). Я ніколи не піду туди. Not once did they try. Вони не спробували жодного разу. Little do we know! Як же мало ми знаємо! I can't do it. Neither can I. Він не може цього зробити. Я також. They didn't inform us about the conference. Nor did they sent the invitations. Вони не пов1домили нас про конференцію. Вони також: не надіслали запрошень. Isn't it interesting! Як цікаво!
Presented in a picture is a scheme. На малюнку показана схема. Confirming this theory is another fact. Цю теорію стверджує ще один факт. Of importance is his point of view. Його точка зору має важливе значення.
Не alone can help us. Only he can help us. Тільки (лише) він може допомогти нам. Even under such conditions will the reaction proceed. Навіть за таких умов відбувається ця реакція. So much work, and so little time! Так багато роботи, i так мало часу! Such an interesting idea! Яка цікава ідея! The task is too difficult. Завдання надто складне. Imagine the very idea! Тільки уявіть coбi власне ідею! It's just a matter of time. Це справа лише часу. I really want to help you. Я справді хочу допомогти вам. You may well agree with them. Ви можете цілком погодитися з ними. The discovery was made as early as XVIII century. Це відкриття зробили ще у XVIII столітті. |