- •О. М. Ільченко
- •Introduction 3
- •4 Introduction
- •Позначення, якi зустрiчаються у книзi
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •6 Contents
- •8 Chapter 1
- •Types of Science Products
- •10 Chapter
- •12 Chapter 1
- •Grammar: articles and their usage
- •General usage of articles:
- •14 Chapter 1 articles used with certain expressions
- •Articles with proper names
- •16 Chapter 1
- •18 Chapter 1
- •20 Chapter 1
- •22 Chapter 1
- •Noteworthy
- •24 Chapter 2
- •26 Chapter 2 grammar: expression of quantity.
- •I. Large quantity
- •Other expressions denoting large quantity:
- •II. Small quantity
- •28 Chapter 2
- •Other expressions:
- •Mind other expressions:
- •30 Chapter 2
- •Borrowed plural forms:
- •32 Chapter 2
- •By learning the prefixes you will understand the meaning of words.
- •34 Chapter 2
- •36 Chapter 2
- •38 Chapter 2
- •Noteworthy
- •40 Chapter 3
- •42 Chapter 3 grammar: system of tenses
- •44 Chapter 3 simple future (Future Indefinite)
- •46 Chapter 3
- •48 Chapter 3
- •Sequence of Tenses (Reported Speech)
- •50 Chapters 3
- •52 Chapter 3
- •Comment on these graphs:
- •54 Chapter 3
- •56 Chapter 3
- •Noteworthy
- •58 Chapter 4
- •60 Chapter 4
- •Grammar: structure of english sentence
- •62 Chapter 4
- •Logical connectors
- •64 Chapter 4
- •Exemplification
- •Summary
- •Contrast
- •66 Chapter 4
- •Purpose
- •Concession
- •68 Chapter 4 reason, cause and effect (result)
- •Expression of comparison
- •70 Chapter 4
- •Double comparative
- •Irregular formation
- •72 Chapter 4
- •74 Chapter 4
- •76 Chapter 4
- •78 Chapter 4
- •80 Chapter 4 Noteworthy
- •82 Chapter 5
- •84 Chapter 5 grammar: mood. Expression of conditions
- •Semantic types of conditional sentences
- •Real conditions
- •Unreal conditions
- •86 Chapter 5
- •Other expressions denoting conditions:
- •88 Chapter 5
- •90 Chapter 5
- •92 Chapter 5
- •94 Chapter 5
- •96 Chapter 5
- •Internet
- •98 Chapter 6
- •100 Chapters
- •102 Chapters grammar: modal verbs and their equivalents (phrasal modals)
- •Modal verbs
- •104 Chapter 6
- •106 Chapter 6
- •108 Chapter6
- •110 Chapter 6
- •Acronyms and Initialisms
- •112 Chapter 6
- •114 Chapter 6
- •Noteworthy
- •116 Chapter 6
- •Interactive Multimedia English Suffixes
- •118 Chapter 7
- •Translate Ukrainian sentences, then match the two columns:
- •120 Chapter 7 grammar: the passive voice
- •Subject object
- •The passive is usually used:
- •1. Indirect Passive:
- •2. Prepositional Passive
- •122 Chapter 7 Other ways of expressing passive:
- •The passive is usually found with the following verbs and set phrases:
- •124 Chapter7
- •126 Chapter 7
- •Adjective suffixes
- •Verb suffixes
- •Noun suffixes
- •1. Make nouns from these words:
- •2. Make verbs from these words:
- •3. Make adjectives from these words:
- •128 Chapter7
- •Noteworthy
- •134 Chapter 8 grammar: verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs) participle
- •Verbals are:
- •Participle
- •Perfect Participle
- •Participles in a Sentence (a,b,c)
- •136 Chapters
- •Participal constructions
- •138 Chapters other constructions
- •140 Chapter 8
- •142 Chapter 8
- •144 Chapter 8
- •Noteworthy
- •146 Chapter 8
- •Alchemy
- •148 Chapter 9
- •Fossil fuels
- •150 Chapter 9
- •152 Chapter 9
- •154 Chapter 9 Constructions with the Infinitive
- •156 Chapter 9
- •158 Chapter 9
- •1. Green Products
- •160 Chapter 9
- •162 Chapter 9
- •164 Chapter 9
- •Noteworthy
- •166 Chapter 10
- •168 Chapter 10
- •Are used with the following verbs:
- •Use gerund with the following expressions
- •170 Chapter 10
- •Constructions with gerund
- •172 Chapter 10
- •174 Chapter 10
- •I scored highest in _____________________________________
- •I scored second highest in _______________________________
- •Intelligent manufacturing system
- •176 Chapter 10
- •178 Chapter 10
- •Noteworthy
- •180 Chapter 10 uNscientifically speaking... Theorem:
- •It doesn't matter if something I buy turns out to be a mistake and unreturnable, because three years ago I found fifty dollars on the street, so that balances everything out!
- •182 Chapter 11
- •How to Speak in Public
- •184 Chapter 11 grammar: emphasis
- •186 Chapter 11
- •188 Chapter 11
- •The Ax Story
- •A checklist for information age
- •190 Chapter 11
- •192 Chapter 11
- •194 Appendix I
- •Initiate the discussion
- •II about you
- •196 Appendix II
- •198 Appendix III
- •Abstract (a short summary of a paper)
- •За змістом та методами дослідження
- •200 Appendix IV
- •Conference mini-vocabulary
- •202 Appendix IV
- •Basic criteria regarding the level of papers
- •Registration form
- •Please complete in block letters (type or print)
- •204 Appendix V
- •Tips on resume writing
- •Types of questions
- •1. General questions
- •Verbs make and do
- •208 Appendix VIII
- •Irregular verbs
- •210 Appendix IX, X
- •Frequency scale
- •Probability scale
- •Toefl: first steps
- •Tips on Section 1
- •212 Appendix XI
- •214 Appendix XI
- •Tips on Section 2
- •Checklist for Section 2
- •216 Appendix XI
- •6. Articles and Singular/Plural Nouns
- •11. Unnecessary repetition
- •12. Parallel structures
- •13. Word order
- •Tips on Section 3
- •218 Appendix XI
- •Test of written English (twe)
- •Tips on twe
- •Sample essay
- •220 Final Test Final Test
- •120 Questions
- •I. Read the passage and choose the one best answer to each question.
- •II. Complete the following sentences
- •222 Final Test
- •224 Final Test
- •226 Final Test
- •III. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.
- •228 Final Test
- •230 Final Test
- •232 Final Test
- •234 Answer key answer key chapter 1
- •Chapter 2
- •Chapter 3
- •236 Answer key
- •Chapter 4
- •Chapter 5
- •Chapter 6
- •238 Answer key chapter 7
- •Chapter 8
- •Chapter 9
- •Chapter 10
- •Chapter 11
- •240 Answer key
- •Final test
- •241 Л1тература
- •Словники
- •Навчальне видання Ільченко Ольга Михайлівна Англійська мова для науковців
Unreal conditions
Present |
Past |
If you studied hard, you would pass the exam. Якби ви наполегливо вчилися, то склали б іспит. (зміст: зараз ви не вчитеся наполегливо, тобто зараз умова є нереальною ). |
If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam. Якби ви наполегливо вчилися, то склали б іспит. (зміст: ви не вчилися наполегливо раніше, тобто умова є нереальною у минулому). |
If only I knew it! Якби я тільки знав про це! (зараз) (зміст: я не знаю про це) |
If only I had known it! Якби я тьльки знав про це! (раніше, колись, у минулому) (зміст: я не знав про це) |
86 Chapter 5
I wish I were there. Як би я хотів бути там (зміст: я жалкую, що мене там немає). |
I wish I had been there. Як би я хотів бути там (зміст: я шкодую, що мене там не було). |
Also: * It's a pity / I regret
Even if he were here, he wouldn't help us. Навіть якщо б він був тут (зараз). він би нам не допоміг.
Even if I had a dictionary, I wouldn't use it. Навіть якщо б у мене був зараз словник, я б не скористався ним.
Also: *If I were in your place /shoes = *Were I in your place / shoes (Якщо б я був на вашому місці ... ) If I had this book ... = Had I this book ... (Якби в мене була ця книжка ... ) *but for якби не transforms into «if it were not for» (Present Unreal) and «if it had not been for» (Past Unreal) |
Even if he had been here, he wouldn't have helped us. Навіть якщо б він був тут (тоді), він би нам не допоміг.
Even if I had had a dictionary, I wouldn't have used it. Навіть якщо б у мене був словник (тоді), я б не скористався ним.
But for your help, I'd fail. Якби не ваша допомога, я б не досяг успіху. |
Other expressions denoting conditions:
Conditions permitting, ... Якщо дозволять умови ...
It being the case, ... Якщо це саме той випадок
if so, ...якщо так
if not, ...якщо ні
if any, if anything, ... якщо хоч щось ...
if anybody якщо хтось
if at all якщо взагалі
-
NOTE.
Forms of Subjunctive
Present
Past
be
were
infinitives WITHOUT to
The rules of the sequences of tenses are NOT observed after:
It |
is was has been |
necessary необхідно important / vital важливо desirable бажано essential суттєво, важливо |
that you |
know it |
be here
American English |
||||
should know it |
||||
should be here British English |
Chapter 5 87
It is important that they be present at the meeting.
Важливо, щоб вони були присутні на зборах.
Compare:It is important that they are present at the meeting.
Важливо, що вони присутні на зборах.
I |
suggest(ed) (make/made a suggestion) propose(d) пропонувати insist(ed) наполягати order(ed) наказувати recommend(ed) рекомендувати demand(ed) require (d) (it is/was a requirement) вимагати |
that you |
do know |
it |
|
be here
American English |
|||||
|
should do should know |
it |
|||
should be here British English |
|||||
We insist (insisted) that the meeting be held tomorrow.
Ми наполягаемо (наполягали), щоб засідання відбулося завтра.
BUT: Indicative Mood (and therefore regular rules of sequence of tenses) are used with the following expressions:
It is |
strange/curious/surprising/astonishing (дивно) possible/probable/likely (ймовірно, схоже) unlikely (несхоже) wonderful (чудово) natural (природно) |
It is strange that they know about it.
Дивно, що вони про це знають.
It is strange that they knew about it.
Дивно, що вони про це знали.
It was strange that they had known about it.
Видавалося дивним, що вони про це знали.
Memorize the following useful expressions with conditionals:
So be it. Let it be so. |
Нехай буде так. |
Be that as it may, ... Як би то (там) не було, ...
As |
luck ill luck |
would have it, ... |
За |
щасливим нещасливим |
збігом обставин ... |
Come Happen |
what |
may will |
Що б там не було; що трапиться, то трапиться
|
Suffice it to say (that) ... досить сказати, (що)...
Far be it from me to ... Я далекий від того, щоб/аби ...
* If things were to be done twice, all would be wise. Мудрий по шкоді.