- •О. М. Ільченко
- •Introduction 3
- •4 Introduction
- •Позначення, якi зустрiчаються у книзi
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •6 Contents
- •8 Chapter 1
- •Types of Science Products
- •10 Chapter
- •12 Chapter 1
- •Grammar: articles and their usage
- •General usage of articles:
- •14 Chapter 1 articles used with certain expressions
- •Articles with proper names
- •16 Chapter 1
- •18 Chapter 1
- •20 Chapter 1
- •22 Chapter 1
- •Noteworthy
- •24 Chapter 2
- •26 Chapter 2 grammar: expression of quantity.
- •I. Large quantity
- •Other expressions denoting large quantity:
- •II. Small quantity
- •28 Chapter 2
- •Other expressions:
- •Mind other expressions:
- •30 Chapter 2
- •Borrowed plural forms:
- •32 Chapter 2
- •By learning the prefixes you will understand the meaning of words.
- •34 Chapter 2
- •36 Chapter 2
- •38 Chapter 2
- •Noteworthy
- •40 Chapter 3
- •42 Chapter 3 grammar: system of tenses
- •44 Chapter 3 simple future (Future Indefinite)
- •46 Chapter 3
- •48 Chapter 3
- •Sequence of Tenses (Reported Speech)
- •50 Chapters 3
- •52 Chapter 3
- •Comment on these graphs:
- •54 Chapter 3
- •56 Chapter 3
- •Noteworthy
- •58 Chapter 4
- •60 Chapter 4
- •Grammar: structure of english sentence
- •62 Chapter 4
- •Logical connectors
- •64 Chapter 4
- •Exemplification
- •Summary
- •Contrast
- •66 Chapter 4
- •Purpose
- •Concession
- •68 Chapter 4 reason, cause and effect (result)
- •Expression of comparison
- •70 Chapter 4
- •Double comparative
- •Irregular formation
- •72 Chapter 4
- •74 Chapter 4
- •76 Chapter 4
- •78 Chapter 4
- •80 Chapter 4 Noteworthy
- •82 Chapter 5
- •84 Chapter 5 grammar: mood. Expression of conditions
- •Semantic types of conditional sentences
- •Real conditions
- •Unreal conditions
- •86 Chapter 5
- •Other expressions denoting conditions:
- •88 Chapter 5
- •90 Chapter 5
- •92 Chapter 5
- •94 Chapter 5
- •96 Chapter 5
- •Internet
- •98 Chapter 6
- •100 Chapters
- •102 Chapters grammar: modal verbs and their equivalents (phrasal modals)
- •Modal verbs
- •104 Chapter 6
- •106 Chapter 6
- •108 Chapter6
- •110 Chapter 6
- •Acronyms and Initialisms
- •112 Chapter 6
- •114 Chapter 6
- •Noteworthy
- •116 Chapter 6
- •Interactive Multimedia English Suffixes
- •118 Chapter 7
- •Translate Ukrainian sentences, then match the two columns:
- •120 Chapter 7 grammar: the passive voice
- •Subject object
- •The passive is usually used:
- •1. Indirect Passive:
- •2. Prepositional Passive
- •122 Chapter 7 Other ways of expressing passive:
- •The passive is usually found with the following verbs and set phrases:
- •124 Chapter7
- •126 Chapter 7
- •Adjective suffixes
- •Verb suffixes
- •Noun suffixes
- •1. Make nouns from these words:
- •2. Make verbs from these words:
- •3. Make adjectives from these words:
- •128 Chapter7
- •Noteworthy
- •134 Chapter 8 grammar: verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs) participle
- •Verbals are:
- •Participle
- •Perfect Participle
- •Participles in a Sentence (a,b,c)
- •136 Chapters
- •Participal constructions
- •138 Chapters other constructions
- •140 Chapter 8
- •142 Chapter 8
- •144 Chapter 8
- •Noteworthy
- •146 Chapter 8
- •Alchemy
- •148 Chapter 9
- •Fossil fuels
- •150 Chapter 9
- •152 Chapter 9
- •154 Chapter 9 Constructions with the Infinitive
- •156 Chapter 9
- •158 Chapter 9
- •1. Green Products
- •160 Chapter 9
- •162 Chapter 9
- •164 Chapter 9
- •Noteworthy
- •166 Chapter 10
- •168 Chapter 10
- •Are used with the following verbs:
- •Use gerund with the following expressions
- •170 Chapter 10
- •Constructions with gerund
- •172 Chapter 10
- •174 Chapter 10
- •I scored highest in _____________________________________
- •I scored second highest in _______________________________
- •Intelligent manufacturing system
- •176 Chapter 10
- •178 Chapter 10
- •Noteworthy
- •180 Chapter 10 uNscientifically speaking... Theorem:
- •It doesn't matter if something I buy turns out to be a mistake and unreturnable, because three years ago I found fifty dollars on the street, so that balances everything out!
- •182 Chapter 11
- •How to Speak in Public
- •184 Chapter 11 grammar: emphasis
- •186 Chapter 11
- •188 Chapter 11
- •The Ax Story
- •A checklist for information age
- •190 Chapter 11
- •192 Chapter 11
- •194 Appendix I
- •Initiate the discussion
- •II about you
- •196 Appendix II
- •198 Appendix III
- •Abstract (a short summary of a paper)
- •За змістом та методами дослідження
- •200 Appendix IV
- •Conference mini-vocabulary
- •202 Appendix IV
- •Basic criteria regarding the level of papers
- •Registration form
- •Please complete in block letters (type or print)
- •204 Appendix V
- •Tips on resume writing
- •Types of questions
- •1. General questions
- •Verbs make and do
- •208 Appendix VIII
- •Irregular verbs
- •210 Appendix IX, X
- •Frequency scale
- •Probability scale
- •Toefl: first steps
- •Tips on Section 1
- •212 Appendix XI
- •214 Appendix XI
- •Tips on Section 2
- •Checklist for Section 2
- •216 Appendix XI
- •6. Articles and Singular/Plural Nouns
- •11. Unnecessary repetition
- •12. Parallel structures
- •13. Word order
- •Tips on Section 3
- •218 Appendix XI
- •Test of written English (twe)
- •Tips on twe
- •Sample essay
- •220 Final Test Final Test
- •120 Questions
- •I. Read the passage and choose the one best answer to each question.
- •II. Complete the following sentences
- •222 Final Test
- •224 Final Test
- •226 Final Test
- •III. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.
- •228 Final Test
- •230 Final Test
- •232 Final Test
- •234 Answer key answer key chapter 1
- •Chapter 2
- •Chapter 3
- •236 Answer key
- •Chapter 4
- •Chapter 5
- •Chapter 6
- •238 Answer key chapter 7
- •Chapter 8
- •Chapter 9
- •Chapter 10
- •Chapter 11
- •240 Answer key
- •Final test
- •241 Л1тература
- •Словники
- •Навчальне видання Ільченко Ольга Михайлівна Англійська мова для науковців
84 Chapter 5 grammar: mood. Expression of conditions
Mood is any of three special forms of verbs that express:
a fact or action — Indicative Mood — дійсний cnociб
He
Biн |
is studying studies вчиться |
studied
вчився |
will study.
буде вчитися |
a command — Imperative Mood — наказовий cnociб
Do as most men do, then most men will think well of you.
Робіть, як більшість людей, i тоді про вас будуть думати добре.
a wish, a doubt — Subjunctive Mood — умовний cnoci6
What would you do in my place?
(May) success attend you!
Хай щастить!
If only I knew!
Якби ж я знав!
Semantic types of conditional sentences
FACTUAL express relationships that are true and unchanging |
If when(ever) |
the temperature gets to 0° С, water freezes. |
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Коли температура сягає 0° С, вода замерзає. If it is 11 р. т., the library is closed. Якщо зараз 11 година вечора, бібліотека зачинена. If it is September, 13, it's my father's birthday. Якщо сьогодні 13 вересня, це день народження мого батька. |
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FUTURE (PREDICATIVE) express future plans |
If I |
may might ... ... should happen to should happen to |
have the time, I'll call you. |
|
Якщо у мене буде час, я вам зателефоную. |
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HYPOTHETICAL express unlikely yet possible events IMAGINATIVE COUNTERFACTUAL express impossible events or states |
If she had the possibility she would visit Toronto. Якби у неї була можливість, вона б відвідала Торонто (може у неї ще буде нагода). |
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If Newton were alive, he would live in England. Якби Ньютон був живий, він жив би в Англії. |
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Chapter 5 85
TYPES OF CONDITIONS |
-
REAL
UNREAL
PRESENT |
|
PAST |
Real conditions
if якщо even if навіть якщо only if тільки якщо on condition (that) за умови in case, in the event якщо, в разі, за умови
provided (that), providing (that) за умови
suppose / imagine assuming (that) ... припустімо What if ... ? а якщо Should (as equalent of «if») якщо, якщо трапиться
unless якщо не
lest щоб не, аби не
if ... would якщо (захочете) |
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. Якщо ви будете наполегливо вчитися, то зможете скласти іспит (зміст: ви можете вчитися зараз, тобто ця умова є реальною).
I will go provided that you go too. Я піду за умови, що й ви також підете.
Suppose it rains, what shall we do? Припустімо, піде дощ — що ми будемо робити? What if we change the approach? А якщо змінити підхід? (що відбудеться, якщо ... ) Should you be interested, I have a book on the subject. Якщо (трапиться, що) ви зацікавитесь, у мене є книга з цього питання.
Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exam. Якщо ви не будете наполегливо вчитися, ви не зможете скласти іспит.
Write down the rule lest you forget it. Запишіть це правило, аби не забути його.
If you would let me come ... Якщо ви дозволите (захочете дозволити) мені прийти ... |