- •О. М. Ільченко
- •Introduction 3
- •4 Introduction
- •Позначення, якi зустрiчаються у книзi
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •6 Contents
- •8 Chapter 1
- •Types of Science Products
- •10 Chapter
- •12 Chapter 1
- •Grammar: articles and their usage
- •General usage of articles:
- •14 Chapter 1 articles used with certain expressions
- •Articles with proper names
- •16 Chapter 1
- •18 Chapter 1
- •20 Chapter 1
- •22 Chapter 1
- •Noteworthy
- •24 Chapter 2
- •26 Chapter 2 grammar: expression of quantity.
- •I. Large quantity
- •Other expressions denoting large quantity:
- •II. Small quantity
- •28 Chapter 2
- •Other expressions:
- •Mind other expressions:
- •30 Chapter 2
- •Borrowed plural forms:
- •32 Chapter 2
- •By learning the prefixes you will understand the meaning of words.
- •34 Chapter 2
- •36 Chapter 2
- •38 Chapter 2
- •Noteworthy
- •40 Chapter 3
- •42 Chapter 3 grammar: system of tenses
- •44 Chapter 3 simple future (Future Indefinite)
- •46 Chapter 3
- •48 Chapter 3
- •Sequence of Tenses (Reported Speech)
- •50 Chapters 3
- •52 Chapter 3
- •Comment on these graphs:
- •54 Chapter 3
- •56 Chapter 3
- •Noteworthy
- •58 Chapter 4
- •60 Chapter 4
- •Grammar: structure of english sentence
- •62 Chapter 4
- •Logical connectors
- •64 Chapter 4
- •Exemplification
- •Summary
- •Contrast
- •66 Chapter 4
- •Purpose
- •Concession
- •68 Chapter 4 reason, cause and effect (result)
- •Expression of comparison
- •70 Chapter 4
- •Double comparative
- •Irregular formation
- •72 Chapter 4
- •74 Chapter 4
- •76 Chapter 4
- •78 Chapter 4
- •80 Chapter 4 Noteworthy
- •82 Chapter 5
- •84 Chapter 5 grammar: mood. Expression of conditions
- •Semantic types of conditional sentences
- •Real conditions
- •Unreal conditions
- •86 Chapter 5
- •Other expressions denoting conditions:
- •88 Chapter 5
- •90 Chapter 5
- •92 Chapter 5
- •94 Chapter 5
- •96 Chapter 5
- •Internet
- •98 Chapter 6
- •100 Chapters
- •102 Chapters grammar: modal verbs and their equivalents (phrasal modals)
- •Modal verbs
- •104 Chapter 6
- •106 Chapter 6
- •108 Chapter6
- •110 Chapter 6
- •Acronyms and Initialisms
- •112 Chapter 6
- •114 Chapter 6
- •Noteworthy
- •116 Chapter 6
- •Interactive Multimedia English Suffixes
- •118 Chapter 7
- •Translate Ukrainian sentences, then match the two columns:
- •120 Chapter 7 grammar: the passive voice
- •Subject object
- •The passive is usually used:
- •1. Indirect Passive:
- •2. Prepositional Passive
- •122 Chapter 7 Other ways of expressing passive:
- •The passive is usually found with the following verbs and set phrases:
- •124 Chapter7
- •126 Chapter 7
- •Adjective suffixes
- •Verb suffixes
- •Noun suffixes
- •1. Make nouns from these words:
- •2. Make verbs from these words:
- •3. Make adjectives from these words:
- •128 Chapter7
- •Noteworthy
- •134 Chapter 8 grammar: verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs) participle
- •Verbals are:
- •Participle
- •Perfect Participle
- •Participles in a Sentence (a,b,c)
- •136 Chapters
- •Participal constructions
- •138 Chapters other constructions
- •140 Chapter 8
- •142 Chapter 8
- •144 Chapter 8
- •Noteworthy
- •146 Chapter 8
- •Alchemy
- •148 Chapter 9
- •Fossil fuels
- •150 Chapter 9
- •152 Chapter 9
- •154 Chapter 9 Constructions with the Infinitive
- •156 Chapter 9
- •158 Chapter 9
- •1. Green Products
- •160 Chapter 9
- •162 Chapter 9
- •164 Chapter 9
- •Noteworthy
- •166 Chapter 10
- •168 Chapter 10
- •Are used with the following verbs:
- •Use gerund with the following expressions
- •170 Chapter 10
- •Constructions with gerund
- •172 Chapter 10
- •174 Chapter 10
- •I scored highest in _____________________________________
- •I scored second highest in _______________________________
- •Intelligent manufacturing system
- •176 Chapter 10
- •178 Chapter 10
- •Noteworthy
- •180 Chapter 10 uNscientifically speaking... Theorem:
- •It doesn't matter if something I buy turns out to be a mistake and unreturnable, because three years ago I found fifty dollars on the street, so that balances everything out!
- •182 Chapter 11
- •How to Speak in Public
- •184 Chapter 11 grammar: emphasis
- •186 Chapter 11
- •188 Chapter 11
- •The Ax Story
- •A checklist for information age
- •190 Chapter 11
- •192 Chapter 11
- •194 Appendix I
- •Initiate the discussion
- •II about you
- •196 Appendix II
- •198 Appendix III
- •Abstract (a short summary of a paper)
- •За змістом та методами дослідження
- •200 Appendix IV
- •Conference mini-vocabulary
- •202 Appendix IV
- •Basic criteria regarding the level of papers
- •Registration form
- •Please complete in block letters (type or print)
- •204 Appendix V
- •Tips on resume writing
- •Types of questions
- •1. General questions
- •Verbs make and do
- •208 Appendix VIII
- •Irregular verbs
- •210 Appendix IX, X
- •Frequency scale
- •Probability scale
- •Toefl: first steps
- •Tips on Section 1
- •212 Appendix XI
- •214 Appendix XI
- •Tips on Section 2
- •Checklist for Section 2
- •216 Appendix XI
- •6. Articles and Singular/Plural Nouns
- •11. Unnecessary repetition
- •12. Parallel structures
- •13. Word order
- •Tips on Section 3
- •218 Appendix XI
- •Test of written English (twe)
- •Tips on twe
- •Sample essay
- •220 Final Test Final Test
- •120 Questions
- •I. Read the passage and choose the one best answer to each question.
- •II. Complete the following sentences
- •222 Final Test
- •224 Final Test
- •226 Final Test
- •III. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.
- •228 Final Test
- •230 Final Test
- •232 Final Test
- •234 Answer key answer key chapter 1
- •Chapter 2
- •Chapter 3
- •236 Answer key
- •Chapter 4
- •Chapter 5
- •Chapter 6
- •238 Answer key chapter 7
- •Chapter 8
- •Chapter 9
- •Chapter 10
- •Chapter 11
- •240 Answer key
- •Final test
- •241 Л1тература
- •Словники
- •Навчальне видання Ільченко Ольга Михайлівна Англійська мова для науковців
26 Chapter 2 grammar: expression of quantity.
I. Large quantity
With count nouns |
With both |
With non-count nouns |
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MANY (more, the most) |
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MUCH (more, the most) |
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There are many books in our library. У нашій бібліотеці багато книг |
A LOT ОF |
Much time is needed to solve this problem. Для розв'язання цієї задачі треба багато часу |
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A GREAT NUMBER (OF) LARGE |
a lot of |
Books Time |
A LARGE AMOUNT (OF) |
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a great number of students багато (велика килькість) студентів |
багато |
Книг Часу |
a large amount of |
water (велика кількість води) |
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*not a few *quite a few *(a) host (of) |
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information knowledge evidence |
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There are universities |
not a few quite a few in the U.S. |
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significance |
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У США багато університетів They have a host of friends. У них багато друзів. |
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Other expressions denoting large quantity:
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a great deal of
a great variety of
a wide range of
abundant = plentiful
myriad(s)
plethora
a great deal of money — багато грошей
a great variety of reasons (багато причин)
a wide range of different opinions (багато рiзних думок)
The country has abundant supplies of oil and gas,
У цій кpaїні великий запас нафти та газу.
a myriad stars — велика кількість зірок, міріади зірок
a plethora of suggestions — достаток, надмір пропозицій
II. Small quantity
With count nouns |
With non-count nouns |
FEW (fewer, the fewest) They asked few questions. Вони поставили мало запитань *a few — трохи, невелика кількість I may be a few minutes late. Я можу трохи запізнитися. |
LITTLE (less, the least) We paid little attention to the proposal. Ми майже не звернули уваги на пропозицію *а little — трохи, невелика кільюсть I have a little money У мене є трохи грошей. |
minute, tiny, infinitesimal — крихітний
a bit — трохи. I'm a bit tired. Я трохи втомився
scarce — мало, обмаль. This winter snow was scarce. Цього року взимку було обмаль снігу.
Chapter 1 27
Use some in affirmative sentences — I have some time. У мене є трохи часу.
Use any in negative and interrogative sentences — I don't have any information.
У мене немає ніякої (бодай найменшої) інформації.
Are there any letters for me? Чи є для мене (якісь) листи?
sufficient enough ample (a) plenty of |
достатня кількість |
We have plenty of time — У нас досить часу.
We have enough seats for everyone — У нас досить місць для ycix.
sufficient information — достатня інформація.
ample money — досить грошей.
a bunch of several a number (of) a couple (of) |
декілька |
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a bunch of |
students flowers |
група студентів букет квітів |
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He wrote |
several a number of |
articles |
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|
|
Він написав декілька (низку) статей |
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BUT:
The number (of) - кількість |
The number of students in our group is 12. В нашій гpyпi 12 ociб. |
Approximators:
Approximately Nearly About / around / some Almost Roughly |
2 hours — приблизно (майже) 2 години. |
Relatively Rather |
I good — відносно добрий. |
Succession:
The first, the second ... the last — перший, другий ... останній
*the former — перший за переліком *the latter — останній за переліком |
серед двох згаданих. |
Of the two possibilities the former seems more interesting (than the latter).
З двох можливостей перша здається більш цікавою (ніж друга).
(Also: former — колишній, the former president — колишній президент)
*every other — через одного
every other year — кожні два роки (раз на два роки).
*in succession — поспіль, підряд
*the last but one *next to the last |
Передостанній |
*the last but not least — останній за переліком, але не за значениям (важливістю)
NOTE
the last останній |
the latest найновіший, найсвіжіший (про новини, інформацію, тощо) |
Have you read the last book by academician Vernadsky? Ви читали останню книгу академика Вернадського? The last chapter presents conclusions. В останній главі наводяться висновки. |
Have you read the latest article by our professor? Ви читали нову статтю нашого професора? The author provides the reader with the latest information. Автор надає найновішу інформацію. |
Also: the late — покійний; the late president — покійний президент