1. Syntactic Location;

2. Morphological Form

3. Presence or absence of Syntacategorematic words

			( which are not necessary to present a complete thought)
			1) Attribute;
			2 ) Prepositional Attribute;
			3) Adverbial Modifier;
			4) Parenthetical element
1) Subject		1) Object
2) Simple Predicate		2) Adverbial Modifiers (without which it is impossible to build a sentence)
3) Linking Verb
4) Subject complement
5) Predicative

Drawing 8.2. Scheme of the Structural Model of the Sentence

7.2. Classification of sentences. Structural Approach.

As for the structure Simple Sentence can be presented in the following scheme (tab. 8.1).

Table 8.1

General Structure of the Simple Sentence

Simple Sentence
Two-member			One-member
Complete		Incomplete	Extended	Non-extended
Extended	Non-extended

Sentences are classified into the following types in accordance with the following principles:

1. As for the purpose of utterance:

1. Narrative (Affirmative (утвердительные), Negative (отрицательные)):

All people are created equal.

There are no Jagoes in the world.

2. Interrogative (вопросительные): Do you believe in Man?

3. Exclamatory (восклицательные): Life is life!

4. Imperative (побудительные): Be yourself.

2. As for the meaning / significance of the Subject:

1. Personal: People develop through their mistakes.

2. Impersonal: It is nice world.

3. Indefinitely Personal: There is love in the world.

3. As for the presence of the Main Members:

1. One-member: Night. Summer night.

2. Two-member: Man lives.

4. As for the completeness of the Members:

1. Complete: He is a man now.

2. Incomplete / Elliptical: Has become a man.

5. As for the presence of the Secondary Members:

1. Extended: Life is full of black and white sides.

2. Non-extended: Life is mine.

7.3. Semantics of the Sentence. Relevant Model.

Words denote objects, things, phenomena and the Sentence denotes events.

Semantic units of the Sentence which are the language correspondences of the elements of an event are called Semantic Roles (tab. 8.2).

Table 8.2

Correspondence of Semantic Roles and their syntactic realisation

Semantic Role (reference to Reality)	Meaning	Syntactic correspondence (Linguistic expression of events of Reality)
Agent	An animated object which deliberately, purposefully commits an action	1. Subject 2. Direct Object
Patience	Any object (whether animated or unanimated) an action is directed to	1. Direct Object 2. Subject
Factitive	The result of an action	1. Direct Object 2. Subject
Benefactive	An object for the sake of which an action is committed	1. Indirect Object 2. Subject
Instrument	An instrument an action is committed	Indirect Object
Means	How an action is committed	Adverbial Modifier
Locative	Where an action is committed	Adverbial Modifier

For example:

1. Agent.

1). The man has brought a good news (Subject).

2). The news was brought by the man (Object).

2. Patience.

The man has brought a good news (Object).

The news was brought by the man (Subject).

3. Factitive.

The man has wrote a book of poems (Object).

A book of poems was wrote by the man (Subject).

4. Benefactive.

She gave him reasonable advice (Indirect Object).

He was given reasonable advice.

5. Instrument.

He wrote the letter with a pen (Indirect Object).

6. Means.

He wrote the letter thoughtfully (Adverbial Modifier).

7. Locative.

He wrote the letter in the hotel (Adverbial Modifier).

Semantic Roles in this or that way refer to an action (activity, state, existence). The Action is presented and emphasized. If there is no action, there is no cognitive intention to present it in utterance. Thus, Semantic Roles ground the Role Structure of the Verb. It includes all the possible relations (semantic maximum of the Verb) of a concrete verb with other possible components.

For example:

The Role Structure of the verb to show will include the following Semantic Roles:

Main: Agent (Who?), Patience (What?), Benefactive (To whom?); Subordinate: Instrument (Whit what?), Means (How?), Locative (Where?).

He quickly showed her a wound on his left shoulder with the help of his right hand.

He (Agent) quickly (Means) showed her (Benefactive) a wound (Patience) on his left shoulder (Locative) with the help of his right hand (Instrument).

Schematically it (Role Structure) will be presented in the following way:

show [ – Agent, Benefactive, Patience]

In accordance with an event of Reality which is presented in utterance there is an appropriate selection of Semantic Roles of the Verb, which creates a definite Semantic Configuration of a sentence. In the basis of the Sentence there is a certain Semantic Configuration (an organization of a number of semantic roles and the meaning of an action). Semantic Configuration presents semantic minimum of the Sentence.

For example:

The Semantic Configuration of the following sentence will include the following Semantic Roles:

The man cut glass with a diamond.

The man (Agent) cut glass (Patience) with a diamond (Instrument).

Schematically it (Semantic Configuration) will be presented in the following way:

{cut, Agent, Patience, Instrument}