- •Theoretical grammar
- •The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
- •Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
- •Theoretical approaches to language data interpretation
- •Main grammatical notions
- •1.3.1. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
- •1.3.2. Grammatical categories.
- •Subdivision of Language Levels’
- •General characteristics of the contemporary English language system
- •Characteristics of English:
- •Kinds of Morphemes
- •2.2. Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
- •1.Henry Sweet (19th century), an English linguist
- •2. Jence Otto Harry Jespersen (1860-1943), a Danish linguist
- •3. Charls Freez (19th-20th century), an American linguist
- •4. Lev Scherba (1880-1944), a Russian (Soviet) linguist,
- •2.3. Classification of parts of speech
- •2.4. Theory of the field structure of the word.
- •3.2. Subcategorization of the Noun.
- •The first classification of nouns
- •The second classification of nouns
- •3.3. Grammatical categories of the Noun.
- •The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
- •The category of the Number.
- •The category of Case.
- •Comparing Grammatical Forms of the cases of the Latin and English Noun
- •4.1. Interpretation of the status of the English Article
- •4.2. The problem of the number of articles (how many morphological forms the Article can be presented in)
- •4.3. Functions and significance of the Article
- •5.2. Word-formative and word-changing systems of the Verb
- •5.3. Classification of verbs
- •5.3.1. Morphological Classification
- •Scheme of Morphological Classification of Verbs
- •5.3.2. Semantic Classification
- •Scheme of the 1st Semantic Classification of Verbs
- •Scheme of the 2nd Semantic Classification of Verbs
- •5.3.3. Syntactic Classification
- •Scheme of Syntactic Classification of Verbs
- •5.4. Grammatical Categories of the English Verb General Characteristics of the Categories of the English Verb
- •I Categories of the Finite Verbs
- •Terms that are used to name Forms of the Verb that do not make agree with Persons
- •6.2. The Paradigm of the Non-Finite Forms
- •6.3. Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
- •7.2. Classification of Word-combinations
- •Examples of types of word-combinations
- •Syntactic Location;
- •Morphological Form
- •Presence or absence of Syntacategorematic words
- •7.2. Classification of sentences. Structural Approach.
- •General Structure of the Simple Sentence
- •7.3. Semantics of the Sentence. Relevant Model.
- •Correspondence of Semantic Roles and their syntactic realisation
- •Practice I
- •Test I (teacher’s copy)
- •Test I (s)
- •Practice I Main grammar notions Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Grammar categories
3.2. Subcategorization of the Noun.
There are two general classifications of the Noun.
The first is based on the principle of three properly correlated kinds of nouns – individual names, generalized names for alike things and names for a group of things. It is schematically presented in the table 3.1.
Table 3.1
The first classification of nouns
Nouns |
||||||
Types |
Proper |
Common |
Collective |
|||
Meanings |
Names and nicknames of definite people, places, things |
Names of any object, thing, phenomenon |
Name the sum total, the whole complex of things |
|||
Peculiarities |
Do not have a generalized conceptual content, meaning |
Have a generalized conceptual content, meaning |
Present the whole complex as a certain unite |
|||
Varieties |
_ |
Concrete |
Abstract |
Material |
Have the opposition of Singular and Plural Number |
Do not have the opposition |
Examples |
John (the name of a man), Mr. Fix-it (the nickname of a man), Sevastopol (the name of a town), Crimea (the name of a geographical place, of a peninsular) etc. |
table, man, girl, apple, book, etc. |
idea, friendship, faith, serendipity, joy, etc |
water, oil, sugar, gold, acid, petrol, etc. |
family – families, class – classes, people – peoples = folk – folks, society – societies, nation –nations, etc. |
people (as a sum total of human beings), humanity, mankind, nature (as the sum total of animals, plants, things in the universe), etc. |
The second classification of the Noun is based on the principle of opposition – individual ‘personal’ names and names for other things. It is schematically presented in the table 3.2.
Table 3.2
The second classification of nouns
Nouns |
|||||
Types |
Common |
Proper |
|||
Meanings |
Name any object, thing, phenomenon and have a generalized conceptual content, meaning |
Name and nickname definite people, places, things and do not have a generalized conceptual content, meaning |
|||
Opposition |
Countable (can be counted) |
Uncountable (cannot be counted) |
_ |
||
Varieties |
Concrete |
Abstract |
Concrete |
Abstract |
|
Examples |
chair (-s), box (-es), vegetable (-s), woman (women), wife (wives), knife (knives), etc. |
difficulty (-ies), life (lives), idea (-s), doubt (doubts), spirit (-s), soul (-s), belief (believes) etc. |
water, money, bread, meat, salt, butter, vinegar, trousers, scissors, hair, etc. |
knowledge, love, hatred, honesty, wealth, wisdom, courage, faith, respect, tolerance, etc. |
Dnepr (the name of a river), Barbara (the first name of a woman), Everest (the name of a mountain), London (the name of a city), Africa (the name of a continent), Shakespeare (the second name of a man), the Victory (the name of a ship), etc. |