- •1.Phonetics as a science.
- •2.Principal pecularities of General American vowels.
- •3. The branches of Ph. Onomotopoeia.
- •4. Principal pecularities of General American cons – s.
- •5.The first component of the Ph system of English
- •6.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The power mechanism. The vibrator mech
- •7. The second component of the Ph system of English
- •8.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The resonator mech. The obstructer mech.
- •9. The third and the forth components of the Ph system of English
- •10. The main principles of all current articulatory classifications of vow.
- •11. Different opinions on the nature of the phoneme and its definition.
- •12. Articulatory differences betw vow, cons, sonorants.
- •13. Phonemic variants or allophones
- •14. Sentence stress, or accent
- •15. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels.
- •16.Received Pronunciation. Changes of vow quality.
- •17. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the degree of tenseness, length.
- •18.Received Pronouciation. Changes in cons quality.
- •19. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the stability of articulation.
- •20. Assimilation.
- •21. General American pronunciation
- •22.Differences in the articulation bases of english and russian vowels
- •23. Received pron.
- •24.Differences in the articulation bases of the english and russian consonants
- •25.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation, active organs of speech and the place of abstraction.
- •26. The influence of assimilatiom on the work of the vocal cords
- •27.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction, position of the soft palate.
- •28. Intonation. Rhythm and tempo. Pausation and tember.
- •29. Functional aspect of speech sounds. The phoneme theory.
- •30. The rules of word stress in English
- •31. Theories of syl formation and syl division.
- •32. Articulatory transitions of vowel and cons phonemes.
- •33. Syllable.
- •34. The influence of assimilation on the manner of noise production and the place of articulation.
- •35.Functional characteristics of the syl
- •36. The influence of the rythmic tendency on word-stress sys in modern Eng.
- •37. Stress
- •38. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds.
- •39. Intonation
- •40. Received pronunciation. Spread of English.
- •41. Received and ga pronunciation. General considerations.
- •42. The influence of assimilation on the active organ of speech.
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1.Phonetics as a science.
Ph. Is not a separate, independent science. Ph. Is an independent brahch of linguistic like lexecology, grammar and stylistics. It studies the sound matter, its aspects and functions. Ph. formulates the rules of pronounciation for separate sounds and sound combinations.
Through the system of rules of reading Ph is connected with grammar and helps to pronaunce correctly singular and plural forms of nouns, the past tense forms and past participles of English regular verbs (d is pronaunced after voiced cons., t is pronaunced after voiceless cons. Wish-wished, id is pronaunced after t want-wanted, s is pronaunced after voiceless cons., z is after voiced cons. and iz after sibilants (свистящие)).
Sound interchange is another manifestation of the connection of Ph with grammar, e.g. this connection can be observed in the category of number. Thus the interchange of f/v, s/z, th/the helps to differenciate singular and plural forms of such words as basis- bases, and also man-men, foot-feet. Vowel interchange is connected with the tense forms of irregular verbs (sing-sang-sung). Vowel interchange can also help to distinguish between: 1) nouns and verbs (bath-bathe), 2) adj and nouns (hot-heat), 3) verbs and adj (moderate-moderate), 4) nouns and nouns (shade-shadow), 5) nouns and adj (type-typical). Vowel interchange can also be observed in onomatopoetic compaunds (звукоподражательные сложные слова): hip-hop, flap-flop, chip-chop. Consonants can interchange in different parts of speech, e.g. in nouns and verbs (extent-extend, mouth-mouth).
Ph is also connected with grammar through its intonation component. Sometimes intonation alone can serve to single out the logical predicate.( ‘he came home, he ‘came home, he came ‘home). Pausation may also perform a differentiatory function. If we compare 2 similar sentences pronaunced with different places of pause, the meaning will be different.
Ph is also connected with lexicology. It is only due to the presence of stress in the right place, that we can distinguish certain nouns from verbs (formed by convercion): ‘object-ob’ject.
Homographs can be differentiated only due to pronaunciation, because they are identical in spelling: bow(ou луг)-bow(au поклон), row(ou ряд)-row(au шум).
Due to the position of word accent we can distinguish between homonymous words and word groups, e.g. ‘blackbird-black ‘bird.
Ph is also connected with stylistics; first of all through intonation and its components: speech melody, utterance (произнесение) stress, rythm, pausation and voicetember which serves to express emotions.
Ph is also connected with stylistics through repetition of words, phrases and sounds. Repetition of this kind serves the basis of rythm, rhyme and alliteration. The repetition of identical or similar sounds, which is called alliteration, helps to impart ( передавать) a melodic effect to the utterance and to express certain emotions.
Theoretical significance of Ph is connected with the further development of the problem of the study and description of the Ph system of a national language and different languages, the study of the correspondences between them, the description of changes in the Ph system of languages.
Practical significance of Ph is connected with teaching foreign languages, speech correction, teaching deaf-mutes, film doubling.