Первомайський медичний коледж
Методична розробка позааудиторної самостійної роботи студентів з теми:
«Infectious Diseases»
Навчальний предмет :«Англійська мова»
Спеціальність: 5. 12 010103 «Медико-профілактична справа»
Курс : IIІ
Кількість годин: 2
Автор: Шушняєва Ю. В.,
викладач англійської мови вищої
кваліфікаційної категорії,
«викладач-методист»
Обговорено і затверджено
На засіданні комісії соціогуманітарних дисциплін
протокол № ____ від «___» _________ 2012 року
Голова ЦМК _______ __________ В. М. Мараховська
М. Первомайськ
І. Актуальність теми: Вивчення теми « Infectious Diseases» займає одне з важливих місць серед інших тем навчальної програми. Вивчаючи цю тему, студенти поширюють свої знання про хвороби та догляд за хворими, вдосконалюють свої знання з термінології.
II. Навчальні цілі:
Знати: лексику по темі
Вміти:вірно вимовляти лексичні одиниці; вживати їх в мовленні.
III. Матеріали для підготовчої роботи:
3.1. Базові знання, вміння, навички, необхідні для самостійного вивчення теми. Матеріали доаудиторної самостійної роботи.
Дисципліни |
Знати |
Вміти |
Українська мова Анатомія Біологія Фізіологія Сестринський процес |
лексику до теми
|
перекласти з англійської мови на українську Спілкуватися в межах даної тематики з опрою на зразок |
3.2. Зміст теми:
OVERVIEW
The hematopoietic system consists of organs and tissues involved in the production of the cellular components of blood. Infections of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and erythrocytes will be discussed in this handout. The organs and tissues in the hematopoietic system include bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. The lymphoreticular system consists of the tissues of the lymphoid system and the mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system). The lymphoid system includes the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and the lymphoid tissues associated with the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., tonsils, Peyer patches). The mononuclear phagocyte system includes monocytes, macrophages, the endothelium lining the sinusoids of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, and the fibroblastic reticular cells of hematopoietic tissues. The lymphoreticular and mononuclear phagocytic systems respond to infections and produce cells (e.g., bone marrow) or house cells (e.g., spleen, lymph nodes) that are part of the innate and acquire immune system.
Parts of the lymphoreticular system are also in the hematopoietic system and as a result symptoms associated with many of the diseases of the lymphoreticular and hematopoietic system discussed in this handout are similar and include splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, fever (recurring or constant), malaise, anorexia, and regional or generalized lymphadenopathy (Table H-1). Human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus infections can all cause flu-like symptoms (e.g., malaise, fever, anorexia). Unfortunately, these symptoms usually are not specific and diagnosis of many of the infections can be difficult.
Table H-1. Distribution of Lymphadenopathy of Various Diseases |
|||||
Disease |
Microorganism(s) |
Regional |
Generalized |
Systemic Manifestations |
|
Bacterial |
Pyogenic |
Streptococcus pyogenes orStaphylococcus aureus |
Yes; depends on site of inoculation |
No |
Prominent |
Cat-scratch disease |
Bartonella henselae |
Yes; depends on site of cat scratch or bite |
No |
Occasional; mild |
|
Plague |
Yersinia pestis |
Yes; usually inguinal |
No |
Prominent |
|
Tularemia |
Francisella tularensis |
Yes; depends on site of inoculation |
|
|
|
Chancroid |
Haemophilus ducreyi |
Yes; usually inguinal |
No |
No |
|
Lympho-granuloma venereum |
Chlamydia trachomatis |
Yes; usually inguinal |
No |
Common; moderate |
|
Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
Rickettsia rickettsii |
No |
Yes |
Prominent |
|
Miliary tuberculosis |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
No |
Yes |
Prominent |
|
Syphilis |
Treponema pallidum |
Yes; during primary stage; usually inguinal |
Yes; during secondary stage and in congenital disease |
Variable |
|
Viral |
Infectious mononucleosis |
EBV, CMV |
Yes; cervical |
No |
Common; mild to moderate |
Genital herpes |
HSV-2, usually |
Yes; inguinal |
No |
Common; mild to moderate |
|
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis |
Adenovirus 8, 19, 37 |
Yes; ipsilateral preauricular |
No |
Occasional; mild |
|
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy |
HIV |
No |
Yes |
Variable |
|
Rubella |
Rubella virus |
Yes |
Yes |
Common; mild |
|
Fungal |
Histoplasmosis |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
Yes |
Yes |
Uncommon |
Coccidioidomycosis |
Coccidioides immitis |
Yes |
No |
Uncommon |
|
Protozoan |
Toxoplasmosis |
Toxoplasma gondii |
Yes |
No |
Uncommon |
EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
Some symptoms, however, can be relatively unique and help considerably in determining the causative agent. For example, inflammation of the lymph nodes can be a helpful clinical feature because certain infectious agents such as infectious mononucleosis tend to cause cervical lymphadenopathy. Other infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause generalized lymphadenopathy (see Table H-1). (Note that several of the diseases mentioned in Table H-1 will be or have been discussed in detail in other lectures). The pathology observed in the lymph nodes can also be helpful in narrowing down the cause of a particular lymphadenopathy (Table H-2).
Table H-2. Causes of Lymphadenitis and Pathology Observed in Lymph Nodes |
|
Pathology |
Disease |
Acute suppurative |
Pyogenic infections, plague |
Caseating necrosis |
Tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial infections |
Necrotizing granulomatous |
Cat scratch disease, tularemia, lymphogranuloma venereum |
Nonnecrotizing granulomatous |
Histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis |
Infectious agents such as the Plasmodium sp. infect erythrocytes and cause lysis of the cells resulting in recurrent fevers and in some cases in severe anemia. The periodicity of recurring fevers in malaria, babesiosis, and relapsing fever can be helpful in determining a diagnosis. For example, a patient with relapsing fever tends to have a fever that lasts about 7 days, followed by the temperature returning to normal for about 7 days. The fever then returns for about 7 days and so on for about three or four recurrences. On the other hand, a patient infected with the malaria parasite will have a fever for about 24 hours. Depending on the species of Plasmodiuminvolved, the temperature will return to normal for 2 or 3 days, then the fever will return and last 24 hours, with several recurrences.
Some organisms such as Rickettsia rickettsii, the agent that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, infect and damage the endothelial cells resulting in hemorrhage into the skin. Bartonella henselae also can infect endothelial cells but will cause bacillary angiomatosis; a systemic disease resulting in multiple subcutaneous nodules, characterized histologically by vascular proliferation, in immunocompromised hosts (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS] patients).
The infectious diseases that involve the hematopoietic and lymphoreticular systems are discussed in this handout according to the predominant host cell infected (Table H-3). Some organisms infect several of the cells in these systems, making this division of diseases somewhat arbitrary.
Table H-3. Diseases of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular Systems to be Discussed in this Handout |
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Cell Type Infected |
Diseases |
Etiology |
Lymphocytes |
|
|
Phagocytic cells |
|
|
Erythrocytes |
|
|
Endothelial cells |
|
|