4. Translate the following into Russian. State from what languages the following expressions and shortenings are borrowed:

1) coup d’etat [ku:deɪ'tɑː] - государственный переворот (from French),

kindergarten - детский сад (from German),

tête-a-tête - наедине, тет-а-тет (from French),

Blitzkrieg - молниеносная война (from German),

enfant terrible [ɑː(n)fɑː(n)te'ri:bl(ə)] - несносный ребенок; человек, ставящий в неловкое положение других своей бестактностью (from French),

persona grata [pəsəunə'grɑːtə] - персона грата, приемлемое лицо (from Latin),

beau monde [bəu'mɔnd] - высший свет (from French),

leit-motiv ['laɪtməutif] - главный, ведущий мотив (from German),

bon mot [ˌbɔːŋ'məu] - остроумное выражение (from French),

primadonna - примадонна, самодовольный или высокомерный человек (from Italian),

ottava rima - восьмистишье (from Italian),

Hun - гунн (from Latin, from Old English),

nazi - нацист, фашист (from German),

sputnik - спутник, космический аппарат (from Russian),

ballet - балет (from French),

football (native word);

2) etc. - и так далее (from Latin),

e.g. - например (exempIi gratia - from Latin),

a.m. - до полудня (ante meridiem - from Latin),

p.m. - после полудня (post meridiem - from Latin).

5. State the languages from which the words are borrowed:

uncle [дядя] - from Old French or from Latin,

square [квадрат, площадь] - from Old French or from Latin,

state [строение, положение; государство, страна] - from Latin,

‘comrade [друг, приятель, товарищ] -  from Middle French or from Spain or from Latin, 

regret [сожалеть] - from French,

cheese [сыр] - from Latin,

rouble [рубль] - from Russian,

maize [кукуруза] - from Cuban Spain,

street [улица] - from Latin,

restrain [сдерживать, ограничивать] - from French,

waltz [вальс] - from German,

boy [мальчик] - from French or from Latin,

sputnik [спутник, космический аппарат] - from Russian,

nation [нация, государство] - from Old French and from Latin,

umbrella [зонтик] - from Latin,

intelligent [сообразительный, смышленый] - from Latin,

child [ребенок] - from German,

criterion [критерий, признак] - from Greek,

‘garage [гараж] - from French.

6. State the origin of the following etymological doublets. Compare their meanings and explain why they are called «etymological doublets».

1.

captain (капитан, старшина): 1.from Old French capitaine "captain, leader," 2.from Late Latin capitaneus "chief," 3.from Latin caput "head"

chieftain (вождь, вожак): 1.from Old French chevetain "captain, chief, leader," 2.from Late Latin capitaneus "commander," 3.from Latin capitis "head";

canal (канал искусств., русло): 1.from French canal, 2.from Latin canalis "water pipe, groove, channel,"

channel (канал, пролив): 1.from Old French chanel "channel, tube, pipe, gutter," 2. from Latin canalis "groove, channel, waterpipe";

cart (повозка, телега): from Old Norwegian kartr

chart (график, таблица): 1.from Old French chartre "charter, letter, document, covenant," 2.from Latin chartula

2.

shirt (рубашка, блуза): from Proto-Germanic *skurtijon "a short garment"

skirt (юбка): from Old Norwegian skyrta "shirt";

shriek (пронзительно кричать, хохотать): from Old Norwegian skrækja "to screech"

screech (визжать, скрипеть): schrichen, possibly of imitative origin (see «shriek»);

shrew (змея, мегера): Old English screawa "shrew-mouse," perhaps from Proto-Germanic *skreu- "to cut"

screw (винт, шуруп): from Middle French escroue "nut, cylindrical socket, screw hole" 

3.

goal (задача, цель): 1.from Old English *gal "obstacle, barrier," 2.from Old French gaule "a pole," from Germanic; 3.from a figurative use of Middle English gale "a way, course"

jail (тюрьма): 1.from Old North French gaiole and Old French jaole, both meaning "a cage, prison," 2.from Middle Latin gabiola, 3.from Late Latin caveola "cage, enclosure, stall, coop"; 

corpse (труп): variant spelling of corps 

corps (корпус, организация): 1.from Old French cors "body, person, corpse, life," 2.from Latin corpus "body";

travel (путешествие): from travailen (1300) "to make a journey," originally "to toil, labor"

travail (работа, мука): 1.from Old French travail "suffering or painful effort, trouble", from travailler "to toil, labor," originally "to trouble, torture," 2.from Vulgar Latin *tripaliare "to torture," from *tripalium "instrument of torture," 3.probably from Latin tripalis "having three stakes"

4.

shadow (тень, полумрак): Old English sceadwe, sceaduwe, oblique cases of sceadu 

shade (тень, тон): 1.from Proto-Germanic *skadwo, 2.from Proto-Indo-European *skotwa;

off: an emphatic form of Old English of, employed in the adverbial use of that word

of: 1.from Proto-Germanic *af, 2.from Proto-Indo-European *apo- "off, away";

dike (барьер, платина): 1.from Proto-Germanic *dik-, 2.from Proto-Indo-European root *dheigw- "to pierce, fasten"

ditch (канава, канал): Old English dic "ditch, dike," a variant of dike