Контрольне завдання № 3

Для того, щоб правильно виконати контрольну роботу № 3 необхідно засвоїти наступні розділи курсу англійської мови по рекомендованому підручнику:

1. Граматичні функції і значення слів that, one, if.

2. Пасивний стан видочасових форм Indefinite (Simple), Continuous (Progressive), Perfect.

3. Безсполучникові означальні та додаткові підрядні речення.

4. Складні неособові форми дієслова:

Дієприкметник. Форми та функції. Незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот.

Інфінітив. Форми та функції. Інфінітивні звороти: об’єктний інфінітивний зворот, суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот.

5. Умовні речення.

Використовуйте наступні зразки виконання вправ:

Зразок виконання 1 (до вправи і)

Present Perfect Passive

The main question has already been discussed.

Головне питання вже обговорено

Present Indefinite Passive

His scientific work is much spoken about

Про його наукову роботу багато говорять

Зразок виконання 2 (до вправи іі)

It is necessary to use the latest means of control	Необхідно використовувати найновітніші засоби контролю
One should agree that experiment was of great importance for our research.	Слід погодитись, що цей експеримент мав велике значення для нашого дослідження.

Зразок виконання 3 (до вправи ІІІ)

What is the name of the book you are reading?	Як називається книга, яку ти читаєш?
The region we must explore possesses great natural wealth.	Район, який ми повинні дослідити, має величезні природні ресурси.

Зразок виконання 4 (до вправи іv)

The importance of chemistry for all sciences is known to be growing rapidly. We want the new car to be produced by February. The device to be bought must be checked beforehand.

Відомо, що важливість хімії для всіх наук швидко зростає. Ми бажаємо, щоб новий автомобіль було випущено до лютого. Прилад, який треба купувати, слід попередньо перевірити.

Зразок виконання 5 (до вправи V)

1.Having installed the new equipment, the plant could raise its output	Встановивши нове обладнання завод зміг підвищити випуск продукції
Applying this method our plant could achieve a greater volume of production. 3. New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop.	Використовуючи цей метод наш завод зможе досягти більшого рівня виробництва Після того як були розроблені нові технологічні процеси, у цеху було встановлено нове обладнання.

Зразок виконання 6 (до вправи VI)

1. If the installation is put into operation in time, the economic effect will be greater. 2. If the system had been perfected, we should have applied it for new calculations. 3. It would be impossible to build spaceships without using new materials and alloys

Якщо установку буде запущено вчасно, економічний ефект зросте. Якщо б система не була удосконалена, ми би використали її для нових розрахунків. Було б неможливо будувати космічні кораблі без використання новітніх матеріалів та сплавів.

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ № 3

Варіант І

І. Перепишіть наступні речення, визначте в кожному з них видочасову форму і стан дієслова-присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was written.

2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпус автомобиля).

4. This lecture is listened to with great interest.

ІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one.

1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.

2. One must take part in scientific work.

3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.

ІІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникове підпорядкування.

1. We know electricity produces heat.

2. The new materials the chemists of our institute developed were widely used.

IV. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1. We expect the scientific and technological progress to increase the intensifica­tion of production.

2. For a long time, special paper impregnated with paraffin was considered to be the main non-conductor used for manufacturing small capacitors (конденсатор).

3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on so­lidifying.

V. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів.

1. Having done a number of calculations, our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

1. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 1.

2. Ordinary light entering a crystal of tourmaline, the phenomenon of "selective absorption" takes place.

VI. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень.

1. If the computer’s electronic memory had recorded all the operator’s commands, the picture of deviations from the required parameters would have been produced.

2. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved.

3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

VII. Прочитайте текст. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть його.

Текст 1 (для спеціальностей 090520, 090507)

ENERGY

Man's entire life is linked with energy. We need more energy with each passing year. Energy was, is and will remain the foundation of economy, of the development of civilization. That's why energy problems are now among the most important prob­lems that cause concern to the whole of mankind.

What is energy? What are its forms and sources? How is mankind's ever growing need for energy to be satisfied?

The capacity for doing work is called energy. A body possesses energy when due to its position or condition it is capable of doing work and the work it can do is a measure of its energy.

As^- we know, energy is of two types: potential and kinetic. Potential energy is the energy that has been stored by a body within it. A body possesses potential energy thanks to its position or condition. All fuels (coal, oil, gas, etc), contain chemical po­tential energy because they produce the heat that will bring to motion modern engines and do physical work of great importance for our modern industrial world.

Water in a dam is a good example of potential (stored up) energy as well. It possesses this energy because of its higher position. When water is falling with great speed it turns huge turbine wheels and supplies them with kinetic energy. Thus, kinetic energy is the energy that a body has due to motion. The motion of the turbine can now produce electric energy which will be transmitted to distant homes and factories. Here produce electric energy which will be transmitted to distant homes and factories. Here electric devices are serving man in a thousand of ways.

Текст 2 (для спеціальностей 092501, 091501, 080402)

ELECTRONIC BRAIN

Computers represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them having appeared more than half a century ago. Although still new. these machines have al­ready brought about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics and automatic control.

The reason for this lies in the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for al­most all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations.

A high speed electronic computer can carry out several thousand arithmetical opera­tions in one second. A calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours.

The principle of this machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are repre­sented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio-technical scheme counts them car­rying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.

If we introduce into the scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers. Subtraction is reduced to the addition of negative numbers. Multiplication is done by repeated addition the necessary number of times, a division -by repeated subtraction.

Текст 3 (для спеціальності 070801)

OXYGEN

Everybody knows oxygen to be absolutely necessary for any form of life. Not a sin­gle living organism could have existed on the Earth without it. Oxygen is known to be discovered by Lavoisier, the French chemist, at the end of the eighteenth century. Dur­ing an experiment with mercury he found a new gas which was named by him "oxy­gen" (from the Greek word meaning acid former) because many of oxides proved to have acidic properties.

Chemists consider oxygen to be the element without which they could not have made most of their experiments. It appeared to combine with almost all the metals, ex­cept silver, gold and platinum and with nearly all the non-metals.

Oxygen is also known to be widely used in medicine. As combination of oxygen with fuels produce heat energy, it became a factor of great importance for energetics. Being used as an oxidizer in jet-engines, oxygen is expected to play still greater role in the energetics of the future.

The element oxygen forms two simple substances: oxygen and ozone.

As the students studying chemistry you are supposed to know that 21 percent of all molecules in the Earth's atmosphere are oxygen molecules, one third of atoms in water are oxygen atoms and 62,5 per cent of atoms in lithosphere are oxygen atoms too.

Варіант ІI

І. Перепишіть наступні речення, визначте в кожному з них видочасову форму і стан дієслова-присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific center.

2. A curriculum of the new type of secondary school is offered by the Ministry of Education.

1. The research of planets will be developed with the help of cosmic apparatus.

2. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.

ІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one.

1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.

2. It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is in­fluenced by the gravitational field.

3. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.

ІІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникове підпорядкування.

1. The methods we have just described are very effective.

2. The instruments our plant produced help to automate production processes.

IV. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1. The problem to be solved is of great importance for our research.

2. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be ob­tained on a new installation.

3. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in industry and agriculture are paid special attention to.

V. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів.

1. The report concerning the latest achievements in economics was made by a professor of our institute.

2. Light and food industries have been modernized, much being done to expand the production of consumer goods.

3. An experiment demonstrating the existence of an ultraviolet and infrared spectrum must be performed.

VI. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень.

I. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers the freezing point.

2. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of 1000° K.

3. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without intensive studies in our research laboratory.

VII. Прочитайте текст. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть його.

Текст 1 (для спеціальностей 090520, 090507)

SEMICONDUCTORS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY

During the past several decades technology has passed problems that have required new methods and new materials for their solution. There have appeared heat-resist­ing alloys, superhard and light alloys, plastics, organic glass and new building materi­als. The electric industry has added to its metals and insulators a group of semiconduc­tors.

An investigation of the physical nature of semiconductors and a scientific explana­tion of semiconductivity have broadened the theory of semiconductors and have eluci­dated fresh facts that make possible the solution of many new technical problems.

The study of semiconducting materials which revealed their unique properties, such as dependence of conductivity on heat and light opened up possibilities for various uses of semiconductors.

There are altogether several hundred materials which have been studied and identi­fied as semiconductors. Germanium and silicon seem to be the most useful semicon­ductor materials at present. They are widely used in modem electronic devices for examp1е, in transistors, thermocouples, non-linear resistors and so on.

This special place occupied by semiconductors in modem physics and engineering and potential possibilities of application are due to the peculiarities of their properties which are not found in other materials. When considering future development of semi­conductor technology, we must keep in mind that it is one of the youngest branches of science and technology – of the same age as nuclear physics.

Текст 2 (для спеціальностей 092501, 091501, 080402)

ROBOTS MOVE IN

Imagine the real working conditions for a human operator at, for example, transfer of a hot-formed glass tube, the removal of hot metal die castings or plastics injection. The environmental temperature is above 50° С and the melting furnaces produce direct and unbearable heat radiation. This kind of job is very difficult, exhausting, monoto­nous and unpleasant. In the case of machining radioactive or toxic material the work becomes highly dangerous for a man's life.

The necessity of some form of automated handling processes became obvious. So robots appeared on the scene with their high safety and reliability level.

We are now surrounded by robots, big ones, little ones, and medium-sized ones. They serve us in thousands of ways every day.

You can find robots practically anywhere you look. In factories there are giant ro­bots. They pick up great amounts of raw materials and pass them to other robots to press, stamp and shape the raw materials into a wide variety of things.

According to available data, the industry in our country receives annually thousands of robots of different types and purposes. Today robotic systems, lines and modules are already operating at the leading plants of the motor, electrical engineering, watch-making, machine-tool industries, etc.

Текст 3 (для спеціальності 070801)

Oil in the sea

The sea is full of bacteria, plants and animals which eat waste. It can clean itself if we do not use it as a dump. But if we pump too much waste in the sea, the bacteria, plants and animals cannot recycle it quickly enough and the water gets polluted.

When you use a toilet, the waste goes into a sewer. But where does it go after that? All over the world, sewers dump waste into the sea. The sea washes the waste onto the beaches and pollutes them.

The Mediterranean is one of the most polluted seas in the world. There is land nearly all around it, so the waste has nowhere to go. Many big towns empty their sewers into the sea. It is not safe to swim in parts of the Mediterranean, and many beaches are polluted.

Chemicals from farms and factories get into rivers; and the rivers carry the waste to the sea. The chemicals get into the food chain and poison the fish. Ships dump their waste at sea and pollute the beaches.

The worst kind of sea pollution is an oil spill. Oil is black and dirty and contains toxic chemicals. If you spill oil at sea, it makes an oil slick on top of the water. Air cannot get to the plants and animals under the water. We spill a lot of oil into the sea every year, from ships and from oil refineries. Those oil spills were accidental, but the worst oil pollution in the world was deliberate. In the Gulf War in 1991, oil was spilled deliberately. Oil wells burned and millions of tonnes of oil went into the sea. There were fifty-kilometre oil slicks. Oil also spilled onto the ground. There were lakes of burning oil everywhere. The oil went down under the ground and polluted the water in underground wells.

The pollution was terrible. Electric street lights burned all day in Kuwait because of the smoke and smog from burning oil. Black and dirty rain fell on the Himalayan mountains, thousands of kilometres away. Many years after the war, people are still trying to clean everything up.

варіант ІІІ

І. Перепишіть наступні речення, визначте в кожному з них видочасову форму і стан дієслова-присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. The radar has been used for the automatic control of ground-transport.

2. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.

3. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.

4. The alloys were experimented upon in our lab.

ІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one.

1. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.

2. The territory of Kyiv is less than that of London.

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic

ІІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникове підпорядкування.

1. The hostel our students live in is situated not far from the metro station.

2. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.

IV. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1. The Sun and stars are proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by means of certain nuclear reactions.

2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.

3. Lasers are known to have found application in medicine.

V. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів.

1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.

2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increase the output of cars and buses.

3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information the­ory became of great importance for the national economy.

VI. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень.

1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.

2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first prize.

3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new device.

VII. Прочитайте текст. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть його.

Текст 1 (для спеціальностей 090520, 090507)

SUN-DRIVEN ENGINE

It is common knowledge that certain metals and their alloys are attracted by a mag­net. After heating this property vanishes: it is restored after cooling down. A new magneto-heat engine works on this principle. This invention relates to devices which transform thermal power, for instance, the power of the sun rays, into a mechanical power of rotation.

We know solar power is inexhaustible and its use does not harm the environment. That's why such importance is attached to the devices which make it possible to apply the idea of direct use of solar power, transforming it into mechanical forms of power. The development of an engine directly driven by heat source such as solar power, makes it possible to simplify and make power generation considerably cheaper, in comparison to the existing thermal engines we use today.

The rotor of the new engine is made of an alloy that loses its magnetic properties already at 100°C. If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor will turn toward the magnet. Since heating continues, the rotor goes on rotating, too. This solar power can be used as a source of heat in this case. The magneto-heat engine can drive pumps in waterless districts, can also be widely used for watering greenery in cities and settlements.

By using thermomagnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of automatic devices, for example, solar clocks, thermometers, etc. Mention should be made that these devices can withstand extreme temperatures. To organize the production of the necessary alloys is simple as there is no need for rare materials or complex technology.

Текст 2 (для спеціальностей 092501, 091501, 080402)

WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO?

Computers in present use range considerably: from tiny things to big fellows. The microcomputer, for example is the smallest and the newest member of the computer family. It usually consists of several integrated circuit chips, including a microproces­sor chip, memory chips, and input/output interface chips, which are a result of tremen­dous advance in large-scale integration.

Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers, they are widely used in industrial control systems, scientific institution, and research laboratories. Although more expen­sive than microcomputers, minicomputers continue to be widely used because they are generally faster and possess more capabilities.

The largest computers ("maxicomputers") are those found in research centers, large scientific laboratories, and big universities.

Most of the computer principles and concepts are common to all categories of com­puters, although there can be tremendous variations from computer to computer.

A question sometimes arises whether computers are able to think. As a matter of fact they do not think. The computer programmer provides a program of instruc­tions and data which specifies every detail of what to do, how to do, and with what to do it. The computer is simply a high-speed machine which can manipulate data, solve problems, and make decisions, all under the control of the programmer. If the pro­grammer makes a mistake in the program or puts in the wrong data, the computer will produce wrong results.

Текст 3 (для спеціальності 070801)

Chernobyl

Electricity is all around us - in thunder storms, in our bodies, in all things alive or dead. However, it is not easy to make and control electricity for us to use in our homes and in industry. Nuclear power is a way of making electricity that seems to be cheap and clean.

Chernobyl was a nuclear power station in the Ukraine (which used to be part of the USSR). The power station in Chernobyl was made in a way that has not been accepted in other parts of the world. British scientists had looked at the design but decided that it was dangerous, because the reactor did not have enough protection in case anything went wrong.

In the middle of a nuclear power station are one or more reactors, which get extremely hot. If they get too hot, the reactors blow up.

Very late at night on Friday 25th April 1986, some of the scientists at the Chernobyl power station decided to try a dangerous experiment. They changed the pressure in one reactor, which caused the temperature to rise. The reactor blew up.

Twenty people were working there at the time. One person was killed immediately, and his body has never been found. Several other people were killed soon after-some of them were fire-fighters who were helping to put out the fire. Other fire-fighters succeeded in putting out the fire before it reached the other three reactors at Chernobyl.

At first, the scientists and the government did not want to say that a really serious accident had happened. However, in the next days and weeks after the accident, the government of the Ukraine agreed that the air, food and water around Chernobyl were radioactive, and that it was dangerous for people to stay there. During the next few weeks, people in the city of Kiev, a hundred kilometres south of Chernobyl, wondered why there were no buses in their city! In fact, 1,200 buses from Kiev, and other towns, were being used to take people to a safer place. Later, 135,000 people were moved from around Chernobyl.

The rest of Europe first heard about the Chernobyl accident not from the USSR, but from Sweden, where radioactivity was noticed at the Forsmark nuclear power station. Denmark and Norway also reported an increase in radioactivity, and the scientists of western Europe finally realized that the radioactivity must be coming from near Kiev in the USSR.

варіант IV

І. Перепишіть наступні речення, визначте в кожному з них видочасову форму і стан дієслова-присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.

2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.

3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.

4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.

ІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one.

1. The successes in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.

2. One must apply the materials that can be machined easily.

3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.

ІІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникове підпорядкування.

1. I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.

2. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules.

IV. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1 The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.

1. We know the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooks in 1665.

2. Nearly all refrigerators to be used at home are based upon the principle that the rapid evaporation of a liquid or the expansion of a gas produce cooling.

V. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів.

1. A curve showing the behavior of metal is given in Fig. 21.

2. About 100 years ago, a French scientist Pierre Curie subjecting certain crystalline materials to pressure, observed that they produced an electric charge.

3. The computer's electronic memory recording all the operator's commands, the pic­ture of deviations was produced.

VI. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень.

1. If one looks at his own face in a mirror, the image observed is technically described as perverted.

2. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times.

3. It would be impossible to ensure the full supply of energy without atomic power stations.

VII. Прочитайте текст. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть його.

Текст 1 (для спеціальностей 090520, 090507)

THE PRINCIPLE OF A REFRIGERATING MACHINE

A compressor refrigerating machine has four essential parts: compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator.

The refrigerant circulates in the system in the following way. Gas from the evapora­tor is drawn in by the compressor and compressed, with a result that its temperature rises. The compressed gas flows to the condenser, where it is cooled by water or air, changes into a liquid state.

The liquid refrigerant is led from the condenser to the expansion valve, where pres­sure falls as it passes through a small orifice.

Owing to the drop in pressure, some of the refrigerant evaporates and its tempera­ture thus falls. The cold refrigerant proceeds to the evaporator, where the rest of the liquid evaporates by extracting heat from the surroundings, which are thus cooled. The vapour formed when the refrigerant boils is drawn in through the compressor suction pipe and once more compressed.

It may be said that the task of the compressor is to pump heat from the low tempera­ture in the evaporator to the high temperature in the condenser in order that the heat absorbed in the evaporator may be carried away by the cooling water or air. The greater the difference between the evaporation and condensation temperatures, the greater is the work required for a given refrigerating capacity. The work of compres­sion is converted into heat, which of course is carried away in the condenser.

Текст 2 (для спеціальностей 092501, 091501, 080402)

HOW ROBOTS APPEARED

1. The word "robot" is an invention of fiction. It was taken from the Czech word "robotnik" meaning a slave or a serf and used by Karel Capek in play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) which introduced the word robot into the English language. The playwright created the word to mean forced labour, the machines in his play resembled people, but worked twice as hard.

The term “industrial robot appeared in the 1970s. But it is true to think that robotics has its roots in ancient times when attempts were made to build automata-humanlike devices: moving figurines, mechanical servants and the like.

Early robots were not entirely self-regulating. They were on-off devices. They could perform only one action and they were unable to operate under a variety of conditions.

The idea of the first industrial robot was to build a machine that was flexible enough to do a variety of jobs automatically and could be easily taught or programmed. Robots combine computer intelligence, modem sensors and manipulator arms to provide flexible devices that can economically increase the productivity of manufac­turing processes.

Текст 3 (для спеціальності 070801)

tornado

A tornado is a very, very strong wind that goes round and round in the shape of a tall, thin, chimney. In the centre of the tornado is a vacuum, which causes very high air pressure. The air in the centre goes round and round at a fantastic speed - the wind speed at the centre can be over 480 kilometres per hour.

Tornadoes are common in the Midwest of the USA, where they can cause great damage to buildings and injury to people. It is very difficult to know when a tornado is going to happen, and it is nearly impossible to make preparations before one arrives. They are one of the great forces of nature.

Over the years, tornadoes have caused death and damage in the Midwest of the USA, from the Gulf of Mexico north to Canada. They usually arrive between the months of March and July.

In just eight hours on 2nd and 3rd April 1974, about a hundred tornadoes killed 324 people in the American Midwest. Thousands of people were injured, and 400 million dollars of damage was caused to farms, homes, and buildings.

The worst-hit town was Xenia in the state of Ohio. In five minutes, the tornado left thirty people dead, 585 people injured, and thousands homeless. Half the town was destroyed. A lorry was blown into the sky, thrown into a tree, which then fell upside down, on top of the lorry! Packets of banknotes from a damaged bank building were found 300 kilometres away.

ВАРІАНТ V

І. Перепишіть наступні речення, визначте в кожному з них видочасову форму і стан дієслова-присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Many 16-storey houses with all modern conveniences are being built in this part of Kyiv.

2. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.

3. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.

4. Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man.

ІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one.

1. It is necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.

2. Everybody knows that with modern high-speed computers it is possible to trace a rocket by radar.

3. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatis­factory.

ІІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникове підпорядкування.

1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at airport.

2. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radio telescopes.

IV. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською мовою наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

1. Now we know neutrino to have a rest mass (маса спокою) of about 30 electron volts.

2. The properties of the new materials are known to be determined next month.

3. Conduction is known to be a process by which heat is transmitted through a substance by molecular activity.

4. All the changes of temperature and changes of state to be discussed are shown by a graph in Fig. 2.

V. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів.

1. Working with machines, sharp tools, and motors one must always be careful.

2. The stream of elections moving along the conductor is called electric current.

3. The scientist has made a number of experiments some of them being very im­portant for our work.

VI. Перепишіть та перекладіть українською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень.

1. If you had translated the article, you could have used valuable data in your work.

2. If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiment would be more accurate.

3. It would be impossible to explain chemical phenomena without using the laws of physics.

VII. Прочитайте текст. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть його.

Текст 1 (для спеціальностей 090520, 090507)

CREATIVE FIRE

All the industries today are in need of new methods of joining metals together. And not only metals with metals but also joining metals with glass, plastics and many other materials. The work done by the Paton institute of Electric Welding is considered to be the solution of these problems. For example, how to weld a 1000 km-long pipeline? The Institute has developed a machine for welding pipelines. The welding section in each pipe exceeds 100 000 sq.mm. It would take 6-8 hours to perform this work by hand. The machine does it in two minutes.

The machine was tested in production conditions, the results being excellent.

It would seem strange to compare the steel constructions that produce oil in the Cas­pian Sea with a space station orbiting the Earth. What do they have in common? But they do – it is the need for making repairs, and repairs mean cutting metal and doing welding work.

The rapid development of the oil and other mineral resources of the ocean made the problem of underwater welding especially up-to-date. The equipment developed by Kyiv's scientists is very effective. New semi-automatic machines for underwater weld­ing increased divers’ productivity by 25-30 times.

And what about welding in outer space? The scientists understood that welding had to be done in conditions of weightlessness, in nearly complete vacuum and within a broad range of temperatures - from 150°C below to 130°C above zero. The equip­ment, of course, must be reliable and safe. And the Institute developed such equipment.

Текст 2 (для спеціальностей 092501, 091501, 080402)

The first computers

The word 'computer' used to mean a person, not a machine. In the nineteenth century, builders and technicians needed to know the answers to very difficult calculations in order to do their work. They did not have the time to do these calculations themselves, so they bought books of answers. The people who did the calculations and wrote the books were called computers.

In the 1820s, a British mathematician called Charles Babbage invented a machine that did very difficult calculations automatically. He called his machine a Difference Engine. He began to build his machine, but he did not finish it because he had a better idea. (Babbage never finished anything – he always had a better idea and started working on something new.) In fact, more than a hundred and fifty years later, some technicians from the Science Museum in London built Babbage's Difference Engine. It is still in the museum today. The machine weighs about three tonnes, and it is nearly two metres tall and three metres wide. And it works: in the early 1990s, it did a calculation and gave the right answer – 31 digits long! Babbage did not finish making the Difference Engine because he started work on a machine called an Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine could do more: for example, it had a kind of memory. This meant that it was possible to write programs for it, building on each answer and doing more and more difficult calculations. For this reason, the Analytical Engine is often seen as the first real computer. However, Babbage never finished building this machine either!

A woman called Ada Lovelace worked with Babbage. She was the daughter of Lord Byron, a famous English writer. Ada was an excellent mathematician and understood Babbage's ideas (most people did not). She knew that she could do amazing calculations with the Analytical Machine, and she wrote a program for it. Although the machine was never built, Ada Lovelace was still the first computer programmer in the world. In 1979, a modern computer programming language was named ADA.

Текст 3 (для спеціальності 070801)

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a chemical compound, CO, a colourless, odour­less, tasteless, extremely poisonous gas that is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxi­de; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used as artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the reduction of metals, e.g., iron, from their ores. Carbon monoxide is formed by combustion of carbon in oxygen at high temperatures when there is an excess of carbon. It is also formed (with oxygen) by decomposition of carbon dioxide at very high temperatures (above 2000°C). It is present in the exhaust of internal combustion engines (e.g., in automobiles) and is generat­ed in coal stoves, furnaces, and gas appliances that do not get enough air (because of a faulty draft or for other reasons). Carbon monoxide is an extremely poisonous gas. Breathing air that contains as little as 0.1% carbon monoxide by volume can be fatal; a concentration of about 1% can cause death within a few minutes. The gas is especially dangerous because it is not easily detected. Early symptoms of car­bon monoxide poisoning include drowsiness and headache, followed by unconsciousness, respiratory failure, and death. First aid for a victim of carbon monoxide poisoning requires getting him to fresh air; administering artificial respiration and, if available, oxygen; and, as soon as possible, summoning a doctor. When carbon monoxide is inhaled it reacts with haemoglobin, the red blood pigment that nor­mally carries oxygen to all parts of the body. Because carbon monox­ide is attracted to the haemoglobin about 210 times as strongly as is oxygen, it takes the place of oxygen in the blood, causing oxygen starvation throughout the body.

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Денисова Олена Володимирівна

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