Вариант №4

I. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них дієслово-присудок та визначте видочасову форму та стан. Перекладіть речення на українську мову.

1. For very low temperatures gases are the only substances that can be used.

2. The visible side of the moon has been studied ever since Galileo invented the telescope.

3. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.

4. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

II. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть Participle I і Participle II, виявіть функції кожного з них, тобто вкажіть, чи є воно означенням, обставиною або частиною присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.

2. The event described above is not a natural process.

3. Workers are building a new laboratory for our institute.

4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.

III. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них модальне дієслово або його еквівалент. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Heat can be divided into three different types.

2. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their ele­ments.

3. A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.

4. These measures implemented by the government may raise the standard of liv­ing.

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть з 1 по 4 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 1, 2 і 3 абзаци.

SADI CARNOT

1. Sadi Carnot was born in 1796 in Paris. His father was a distinguished general, min­ister of war under Napoleon and investigator. Sadi's younger brother was a journalist and a radical politician. His nephew was president of the French Republic from 1887 until 1894. Sadi Carnot himself entered history as a physicist who in 1824 founded the science of thermodynamics with his analysis of an ideal heat engine.

2. In 1812 Sadi was enrolled in the Polytechnical School where many brilliant people were trained. Among them were Lagrange, Fourier, Ampere, Gay-Lussac. Clapeyron, etc.

3. Not much is known of Carnot's character. He was described as being reserved. He had an extreme sensibility and great energy though he was of delicate constitution.

4. In June 1832 he got ill with scarlet fever and then brain fever. On August 24, at the age of 36, he died in a cholera epidemic. As was commonly done with victims of chol­era, he was buried with all his papers and things. A few fragments of Carnot's note­books have survived. Today most engineers and scientists are familiar with his work not through his own writings but through the commentaries of Clapeyron, Clausius. and Thomson (who later became Lord Kelvin).

5. In his work Carnot tried to determine whether there was a limit on the motive power of heat in steam engine. He described an ideal cycle for a heat engine. With his cycle Carnot introduced a fundamental thermodynamic concept of reversibility. As the laws of thermodynamics were not known at his time and his predictions were confirmed and developed by other scientists, he is regarded as the founder of the science of ther­modynamics.

V. Прочитайте 4 абзац і питання до нього. З наведених варіантів відповідей вкажіть номер речення, яке містить вірну відповідь на питання.

What did Carnot describe in his work?

1. ... an extreme sensibility and great energy.

2. ... his extraordinary family.

4. ... an ideal cycle for a heat engine.

ВАРІАНТ №5

I. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них дієслово-присудок та визначте видочасову форму та стан. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. As a rule one great discovery is followed by numerous others.

2. This block of flats was being built, when we came to the city.

3. І haven't translated the article yet.

4. Engineers found that the application of synthetic materials had greatly im­proved the quality of the product made.

II. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть Participle I і Participle II, виявіть функції кожного з них, тобто вкажіть, чи є воно означенням, обставиною або частиною присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.

2. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.

3. At the entrance you will be met by a man holding a folded newspaper.

4. All the roads leading to the centre of the city were blocked by trucks.

III. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них модальне дієслово або його еквівалент. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.

2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.

3. Thermometers are able to measure the exact temperature of different bodies.

4. Some new pollutants may kill all of us.

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть з 1 по 4 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 1, 2 і 3 абзаци.

ALFRED NOBEL (A Man of Contrasts)

1. Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896), Swedish inventor and philanthropist was a man of many contrasts. He was a son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire, a scientist with a love to literature. He made a large fortune but lived a simple life. He was cheerful in company and often sad in private. A lover of mankind he never had a wife or family to love him, a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He discovered a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peaceful industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill his fellow men.

2. He was born in Stockholm but moved to Russia with his parents, where his father made a strong position in engineering industry. He made a lot of money for his inven­tion of landmine but later went bankrupt. Alfred came to Sweden in 1863 and stated his own study of explosives. He had never been to school or university but he studied privately. Like his father, Alfred was imaginative and inventive, but he had better luck in business and showed more financial sense.

3. He was quick to see possibilities for his scientific inventions and built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries. His greatness lay in his outstanding ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward-looking industri­alist.

4. But Nobel's main concern was never making money or even making scientific dis­coveries. He was always searching for a meaning of life. He cared deeply about the whole of mankind. His greatest wish was to see an end to wars and he spent much time and money for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896.

5. His inventions made him a very wealthy man. He created the famous Nobel Founda­tion, the yearly interest in which is distributed in the form of prizes to leading person­alities from the whole world in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and the promotion of peace and understanding between the nations. The Nobel prize, distributed every year on the anniversary of Nobel's death, the 10th of December has made his name famous, all over the world. So, the man who felt he should have died at birth, is remembered and respected long after his death.

6. The prizes were first awarded in 1901.They are given in Stockholm Concert Hall in the presence of a distinguished audience including the scientific elite of the world and the Swedish royal family.

V. Прочитайте 4 абзац і питання до нього. З наведених варіантів відповідей вкажіть номер речення, яке містить вірну відповідь на питання. Where are Nobel Prizes given to leading personalities of the world?

1. … in the International Centre of science and culture.

2. … in Stockholm Concert Hall in the presence of a distinguished audience in­cluding scientists and the Swedish royal family.

3. … in any country of the world.