Ex. 15. (b, c) Translate the sentences into Russian. Point out the passive forms.

1. Many materials now commonly used were not even thought of thirty years ago. 2. Analysis is naturally followed by synthesis. 3. The positive particle in the nucleus of the atom was given the name of «proton». 4. The question now arises as to how the behaviour of metals is affected by the changes in temperature. 5. The qualitative examination of an organic compound is followed by a quantitative analysis. 6. The main reports were preceded by some introductory remarks. 7. A mechanical method was substituted for by an electric one. 8. The charge of an atom is not affected by the number of neutrons present but depends on the balance between electrons and protons. 9. The region surrounding a magnet, in which appreciable magnetic forces exist, is referred to as the magnetic field. 10. In size Venus may be correctly referred to as the Earth’s twin planet.

Ex. 16. (c,d) Translate the sentences into Russian. Point out the passive forms.

I 1. The use of metals is affected by the available ore resources, the cost of extraction and refining, and the way in which they can be employed to practical advantage. 2. It is not possible to obtain as high thermal efficiencies when furnaces are fired with raw coal as with other means of firing, but these matters will not be dealt with here. 3. In the chapter on experimental techniques, we are given a good insight into many of the special problems that have to be solved. 4. In gaseous reactions the equilibrium position is largely influenced by pressure. 5. The range of application of gas chromatography is wide and most substances boiling under 300° С can be dealt with readily. 6. The increasing demand for oil can only be met by the application of the most efficient methods for its extraction and subsequent treatment. 7. The purity of an organic compound may be judged by the determination of various physical constants, such as the specific gravity, crystal form, or index of refraction. 8. In practice the solidification of pure metals is influenced to a great extent by what may be generally described as external conditions. 9. When solidification is not influenced by temperature gradients arising from the method of cooling all crystals in the solid metal exhibit a marked similarity in size and shape. 10. When the molecules of even a good insulator are acted upon by an electric field, there is a motion of electrons due to this field.

II 1. The cutting teeth of roller-cutter type bits are of varied designs, each of which has been developed for some peculiar service. 2. Wire line core barrel and bits have been developed for the purpose of permiting coring without the removal of the drill-pipe and bit from the hole. 3. Cracking is the term commonly used for the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, particularly as practised in the refining of petroleum, where the operation is mainly used for the production of motor fuel. 4. At atmospheric pressure a large amount of hydrogen is evolved and benzene is found in appreciable quantities together with other high-boiling materials. 5. It was discovered that low-boiling distillates of excellent color and odor and possessing high oxidation stability were obtained by heating heavy petroleum fractions in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride. 6. Catalysts have been used in conventional thermal cracking equipment.