1. Ecology is a science that studies: The interrelationships among organisms and between organisms, as well as how organisms interact with their environment.

2. The term “Ecology” was introduced by: E. Heckel.

3. Ecological law “Nature knows better” was proposed by: Barry Commoner.

4. Environment is: Anything outside the individual organism in which the organism lives and which affect or could affect that organism, other organisms or life in general. Is the set of conditions experienced by an organism or a group of organisms.

5. Autecology – is a section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to: Individuals

6. Demecology – is a section of ecology that studies: The ecology of populations.

7. Synecology – is a section of ecology that studies: The ecology of communities.

8. Structure and functions of biosphere is studied by: Global Ecology

9. The physical area in which an organism lives is its: Habitat.

10. A position of an organism defined by its role in a biological community:

Niche?

11. The term “Ecosystem” was introduced by: Tensly?

12. Ecosystem is: Ecological unit that includes all the interacting parts of an environment in an area.

13. A community includes: All the populations in an area.

14. Succession is a process where: community changes during

15. Abiotic factors in an ecosystem can include: Meteorological (climatic) (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind) Geophysical (radiation, relief, magnetic) Chemical (components of atmosphere, water, soil chemistry and structure, acidity)

\\\ Sunlight

16. Biotic factors in an ecosystem can include: Zoogenic (animals relationships) Phytogenic (plants relationships) Microorganismic (microorganisms relationships)

17. The earth’s biomes are controlled primarily by:

18. Regularity that suggests that organism growth is limited by the resource in the shortest supply is described by:

Liebig's law of the minimum

19. Regularity that suggests that each environmental factor has limits of its positive influence on the organism is described by: Shelford's principle of tolerance limits

20. Tolerance is: A limit, beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce.

21. Ecological factor that limits viability of organisms is: Critical limit

22.  Eyrobionts are organisms with: Species have wide tolerance ranges (eurytopic/ecologically tolerant species) and are found over a wide range of habitats and locations (i.e., have wider geographical ranges)

23. Stenobionts are organisms with: Species that have very narrow tolerance ranges (stenotopic/ecologically intolerant species) and are not widespread and very limited in their ranges.

24. Xerophytes are organisms that: Are able to survive in an environment with little available water or moisture, usually in environments where potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation for all or part of the growing season.

25. Homeothermic organisms are: Species that keep their body temperature at a roughly constant level, regardless of the ambient temperature.

26. Poikilothermic are organisms with: Internal temperature varying along with that of the ambient environmental temperature.

27.  Species that are localized and may have just one population that inhabit only a small area are called:

Endemic

28. Population growth rate is: The change in the number of individuals in a population over time.

29. Statistic characteristic of population is: Population Number Population Density Population Demography Structure

30. Dynamic characteristics of population is: Population growth Population growth rate Biotic potential Carrying capacity Growth Curves

31. The carrying capacity of a population does Not include the statement:

32. Population growth is exponential when: Biotic potential

33. The sigmoidal growth curve is typical of a population that: density dependent

34. The global human population grew very slowly until: doctrinal revolution

35. A population with rapid growth includes the following age groups: Most - Prereproductive Reproductive and Postreprodictive.

36. A volcanic eruption is an example of: density independ

37. The area of the earth occupied with living things is called: Biosphere

38. The term “Biosphere” was introduced by: Eduard Suess.

39. The author of the study about biosphere is: V.I. Vernadsky.

40. The term “Noosphere” was introduced by: Leroys

41.  Noosphere – is an evolutionary step of biosphere that: Is transformed by people activity and changed by scientific consciousness.

42. Environment that is changed by people is: "Second Nature", or "Quasi-nature".

43. Anthropogenic sources of pollution are: Industrial Sources Agricultural Sources Domestic Sources.

44. Competition, predation, and symbiosis are all types of: biotic

45.  Example of interspecific competition is relationship between: Interspecific competition, in ecology, is a form of competition in which individuals of different species vie for the different resource in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space). The 5th form of competition is intraspecific competition, which involves organisms of the same species competing with one from the other. This is NOT an answer, just TRUE statement

46.  Type of biotic relationship when one species benefits and other one has neither harm nor profit: Commensalism.

47. An interaction between two species in which species benefit each other is: Mutualism

48. Two species that occupy a very similar niche are likely to be: competitor

49. The major producers found in aquatic ecosystems are: Phytoplankton

50. Define the right order of components in the trophic chain “tree – hare – fox”: producer consumer 1;2

51. Plants in an ecosystem play the following role: Producers.

52. Primary productivity is the energy contained in the trophic level of: Producers.

53. Nitrogen in the atmosphere is captured by: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

54. Organisms that use ready food are called: Гетеретропты

55. Heterotrophic organisms are: Organisms that use organic carbon for growth.

56. Autotrophic organisms are: Organism that produce complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions.

57. The wolf and the fox are on the same trophic level because both animals: Are Carnivores

58. Consumers that obtain their nutrients by eating producers are: Herbivores.

59. Consumers, such as wolves, that obtain their nutrients by eating other consumers are: Carnivores.

60. Consumers, such as humans, that obtain their nutrients by eating both producers and other consumers are called: Omnivores.

61. Amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next one is: 10 %

62. The main characteristic of biomass pyramids of freshwater or marine is to be: может сумен

63. Nonrenewable resources include:

64. Renewable resources include:

65.  Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called: Tissues of a dead organism / Biodegradable

66. Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are called: Teratogens

67. Herbicides are chemicals that can control population growth of undesirable organisms such as: сорняк

68. Factors that specifically damage genetic material of organisms are:

Mutagens/ Radiation?

69. The global warming is primarily caused by: Energy use (57%) /// Greenhouse effect CO2

70. Distribution of gas concentrations in the atmosphere in descending order is:

N2; 02; Argon; water meam; co2; gases; methan

71. Scientists predict the global average temperature will rise by 2025 and by 2100 to:

2

72. To reduce greenhouse effect it should be done: Briefly: Population stability, Reforestation, Recycling, Energy efficiency, Renewable energy technologies. For full text, see handout 7, section 5. \\\ alternative source

73. Alternative sources of energy include: The sun (solar power), the wind, waves and even hot rocks (geothermal energy).

74.  The greenhouse gases are the following: Carbon dioxide Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) and Halons

75. The heights of troposphere and stratosphere above the earth: 0-15 km

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