- •Дополнительные вопросы к Final exam - 2010
- •Interaction and intercommunication between human society and environment.
- •In an area that has not previously supported life, such as bare rock or a sand dune.
- •Xerophytes.
- •33. Organisms with a body temperature depending on environment temperature are poikilotehermics.
- •Increasing of level of the water.
- •500 Mln people.
- •Vybiraite neodomashnennyh jivotnyh ili rasteniya
- •International trade of endangered species
Ecology is a science that studies: The interrelationships among organisms and between organisms, as well as how organisms interact with their environment.
The term “Ecology” was introduced by: E. Heckel.
Ecological law “Nature knows better” was proposed by: Barry Commoner.
Environment is: Anything outside the individual organism in which the organism lives and which affect or could affect that organism, other organisms or life in general. Is the set of conditions experienced by an organism or a group of organisms.
Autecology – is a section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to: The ecology of single species.
Demecology – is a section of ecology that studies: The ecology of populations.
Synecology – is a section of ecology that studies: The ecology of communities.
Structure and functions of biosphere is studied by: A study of biosphere.
The physical area in which an organism lives is its: Habitat.
A position of an organism defined by its role in a biological community: unknown
The term “Ecosystem” was introduced by: Barry Commoner.
Ecosystem is: Ecological unit that includes all the interacting parts of an environment in an area.
A community includes: All the populations in an area.
Succession is a process where: Population in area is gradually replaced.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem can include: Meteorological (climatic) (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind) Geophysical (radiation, relief, magnetic) Chemical (components of atmosphere, water, soil chemistry and structure, acidity)
Biotic factors in an ecosystem can include: Zoogenic (animals relationships) Phytogenic (plants relationships) Microorganismic (microorganisms relationships)
The earth’s biomes are controlled primarily by: Presence of characteristic (dominant) plants and animals.
Regularity that suggests that organism growth is limited by the resource in the shortest supply is described by: unknown
Regularity that suggests that each environmental factor has limits of its positive influence on the organism is described by: unknown
Tolerance is: A limit, beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce.
Ecological factor that limits viability of organisms is: Tolerance limit.
Eyrobionts are organisms with: Species have wide tolerance ranges (eurytopic/ecologically tolerant species) and are found over a wide range of habitats and locations (i.e., have wider geographical ranges)
Stenobionts are organisms with: Species that have very narrow tolerance ranges (stenotopic/ecologically intolerant species) and are not widespread and very limited in their ranges.
Xerophytes are organisms that: Are able to survive in an environment with little available water or moisture, usually in environments where potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation for all or part of the growing season.
Homeothermic organisms are: Species that keep their body temperature at a roughly constant level, regardless of the ambient temperature.
Poikilothermic are organisms with: Internal temperature vary
Ecology is a science that studies: The interrelationships among organisms and between organisms, as well as how organisms interact with their environment.
The term “Ecology” was introduced by: E. Heckel.
Ecological law “Nature knows better” was proposed by: Barry Commoner.
Environment is: Anything outside the individual organism in which the organism lives and which affect or could affect that organism, other organisms or life in general. Is the set of conditions experienced by an organism or a group of organisms.
Autecology – is a section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to: The ecology of single species.
Demecology – is a section of ecology that studies: The ecology of populations.
Synecology – is a section of ecology that studies: The ecology of communities.
Structure and functions of biosphere is studied by: A study of biosphere.
The physical area in which an organism lives is its: Habitat.
A position of an organism defined by its role in a biological community: unknown
The term “Ecosystem” was introduced by: Barry Commoner.
Ecosystem is: Ecological unit that includes all the interacting parts of an environment in an area.
A community includes: All the populations in an area.
Succession is a process where: Population in area is gradually replaced.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem can include: Meteorological (climatic) (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind) Geophysical (radiation, relief, magnetic) Chemical (components of atmosphere, water, soil chemistry and structure, acidity)
Biotic factors in an ecosystem can include: Zoogenic (animals relationships) Phytogenic (plants relationships) Microorganismic (microorganisms relationships)
The earth’s biomes are controlled primarily by: Presence of characteristic (dominant) plants and animals.
Regularity that suggests that organism growth is limited by the resource in the shortest supply is described by: unknown
Regularity that suggests that each environmental factor has limits of its positive influence on the organism is described by: unknown
Tolerance is: A limit, beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce.
Ecological factor that limits viability of organisms is: Tolerance limit.
Eyrobionts are organisms with: Species have wide tolerance ranges (eurytopic/ecologically tolerant species) and are found over a wide range of habitats and locations (i.e., have wider geographical ranges)
Stenobionts are organisms with: Species that have very narrow tolerance ranges (stenotopic/ecologically intolerant species) and are not widespread and very limited in their ranges.
Xerophytes are organisms that: Are able to survive in an environment with little available water or moisture, usually in environments where potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation for all or part of the growing season.
Homeothermic organisms are: Species that keep their body temperature at a roughly constant level, regardless of the ambient temperature.
Poikilothermic are organisms with: Internal temperature varying along with that of the ambient environmental temperature.
Species that are localized and may have just one population that inhabit only a small area are called: unknown
Population growth rate is: The change in the number of individuals in a population over time.
Statistic characteristic of population is: Population Number Population Density Population Demography Structure
Dynamic characteristics of population is: Population growth Population growth rate Biotic potential Carrying capacity Growth Curves
The carrying capacity of a population does Not include the statement: Carrying capacity - is the maximum number of individuals that the ecosystem is capable of supporting. This is NOT an answer, just TRUE statement
Population growth is exponential when: Increase occurs in a population so rapidly that the number of individuals doubles in a specific time interval and keeps doubling in increasingly shorter periods of time.
The sigmoidal growth curve is typical of a population that: Has some carrying capacity.
The global human population grew very slowly until: 1950.
A population with rapid growth includes the following age groups: Prereproductive Reproductive and Postreprodictive.
A volcanic eruption is an example of: Natural disaster.
The area of the earth occupied with living things is called: Biosphere
The term “Biosphere” was introduced by: Eduard Suess.
The author of the study about biosphere is: V.I. Vernadsky.
The term “Noosphere” was introduced by: V.I. Vernadsky.
Noosphere – is an evolutionary step of biosphere that: Is transformed by people activity and changed by scientific consciousness.
Environment that is changed by people is: "Second Nature", or "Quasi-nature".
Anthropogenic sources of pollution are: Industrial Sources Agricultural Sources Domestic Sources.
Competition, predation, and symbiosis are all types of: Biological interaction.
Example of interspecific competition is relationship between: Interspecific competition, in ecology, is a form of competition in which individuals of different species vie for the different resource in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space). The 5th form of competition is intraspecific competition, which involves organisms of the same species competing with one from the other. This is NOT an answer, just TRUE statement
Type of biotic relationship when one species benefits and other one has neither harm nor profit: Commensalism.
An interaction between two species in which species benefit each other is: Symbiosis.
Two species that occupy a very similar niche are likely to be: unknown
The major producers found in aquatic ecosystems are: Algae
Define the right order of components in the trophic chain “tree – hare – fox”: Tree - hare - fox?
Plants in an ecosystem play the following role: Producers.
Primary productivity is the energy contained in the trophic level of: Producers.
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is captured by: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Organisms that use ready food are called: Parasites? or Scavengers?
Heterotrophic organisms are: Organisms that use organic carbon for growth.
Autotrophic organisms are: Organism that produce complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions.
The wolf and the fox are on the same trophic level because both animals: Are Carnivores. Or eat hares, whatever...
Consumers that obtain their nutrients by eating producers are: Herbivores.
Consumers, such as wolves, that obtain their nutrients by eating other consumers are: Carnivores.
Consumers, such as humans, that obtain their nutrients by eating both producers and other consumers are called: Omnivores.
Amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next one is: unknown Nothing said in wiki, just "energy passing from one tl to another"...
The main characteristic of biomass pyramids of freshwater or marine is to be: unknown What this question mean?
Nonrenewable resources include: I think you know the answer))
Renewable resources include: Another one.
Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called: Biodegradable.
Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are called: Teratogens.
Herbicides are chemicals that can control population growth of undesirable organisms such as: Weed.
Factors that specifically damage genetic material of organisms are: Mutagens.
The global warming is primarily caused by: Greenhouse effect (Increased levels of CO2), human activity.
Distribution of gas concentrations in the atmosphere in descending order is: N2 O2 Argon water steam CO2 inert gases Methan
Scientists predict the global average temperature will rise by 2025 and by 2100 to: 1°C 3°C
To reduce greenhouse effect it should be done: Briefly: Population stability, Reforestation, Recycling, Energy efficiency, Renewable energy technologies. For full text, see handout 7, section 5.
Alternative sources of energy include: The sun (solar power), the wind, waves and even hot rocks (geothermal energy).
The greenhouse gases are the following: Carbon dioxide Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) and Halons
The heights of troposphere and stratosphere above the earth: 6 km 20 km
To stop ozone layer depletion it should be done: Development and using alternatives (replacement) to ozone-destroying chemicals in the manufacturing processes. For details see handout 8, section 4.
Loss of ozone has serious effects in people because ultra-violet radiation can cause: Aging, wrinkling of the skin, and even skin cancer, eye damage (cloudy vision, cataracts). Also - living tissue to decompose.
The chemical compounds that can cause acid rain: Sulfur dioxide (802), Nitrogen oxide (NOX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
Acid rain occur as: Mist, fog, sleet, snow, gas and dry dust particles.
The pH of acid rain is: Measure of rain toxity.
Acid rain is harmful because it can: Damage and kill trees, fish and other wildlife, affect human health and corroded building stone, soil and water. It dissolves nutrients and toxic heavy metals in the soil, and these are then washed into water of rivers and lakes.
The primary reason of acid rain is: Pollution in the air, which comes from burning fossil fuels such as oil and coal.
The major component of photochemical smog is: Nitrogen oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC).
The main physical reason of the photochemical smog is: Chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere.
To prevent or reduce waste it should be done: Recycling?
Biological magnification is the process of: Increasing in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT.
The primary cause of species extinction is: Destruction of habitats caused by human activities.
Industries contribute to habitat damage and destruction if they: Use raw materials from threatened species (habitats) Use the products of any endangered species Develop land that has not been built on before, but which is rich in species. Contribute to pollution of the environment in ways that are harmful to the processes that support life.
Land area of the Earth occupied by the forest (including tropical, moderate, boreal) is: 9.4% of the Earth's surface (or 30% of total land area).
Land area of the Earth occupied by the rain forest is: 5-8%.
The world amount of fresh water is: 3%.
The amount of the earth’s water supply available to land organisms is: Less then 1%.
The average renewal rate of rivers is: 12-17 days.
Eutrophication of water is accompanied with: Algal blooms. See handout 11, section 2 for details.
The main source of water pollution is: Industry.
Industries can help to mitigate problems with water supply by: By treating effluent and reducing the number of pollutants that might be released into the water system. By not allowing dangerous chemicals into the water system.
Дополнительные вопросы к Final exam - 2010
1. Social ecology is a science about :
Interaction and intercommunication between human society and environment.
2. Haeckel is the author of the term:
Ecology.
3. Surrounding of the individuals in which an organism lives and which affects it is :
Habitat.
4. The objects of ecology in order to become more complicated:
Organisms-populations-communities- Ecosystem – Biosphere.
5. The objects of ecology in order to become less complicated:
Biosphere – Ecosystem – Communities – Populations - Organosms
6. Section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to individual organisms is Autecology.
7. Structure, number and dynamic processes in a population are studied by
Demecology.
8. Section of ecology that studies biotic relationships between different species is
Synecology.
9. For the spotted owl, “old growth forest” is its:
Habitat
10. Habitats are
physical area in which an organism lives; different types of environment which provide food and shelter for living things.
11. Ecological niches of species living together
can never overlap.
12. An ecosystem includes
all the interacting parts( living organisms and environment) in an area.
13. Ecosystem is all EXCEPT:
14. Complex system that includes all interacting species in a particular area is called
Ecosystem.
15. All the populations in an area form
Community.
16. Primary succession is the sequential replacement of populations
In an area that has not previously supported life, such as bare rock or a sand dune.
17. Secondary succession is the sequential replacement of populations that occurs in all cases, EXCEPT in disrupte habitat
Secondary Succession – the sequential replacement of population in disrupted habitats that have not been totally stripped of soil and vegetation.
18. The biological community on the islands created after volcanic eruption is the result of secondary succession.
19. Old field succession is
a version of secondary succession – the replacement of population abandoned farm field .
20. Any factor affected organisms is:
21. Organisms in the deserts must be adapted to low levels of
water.
22. Ecological factors that limit life in the ocean BUT DO NOT usually limit distribution of life on the land are:
23. Adaptation of life in a river is primarily determined by gradient or current
24. An estuary is
a biome where the freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea.
25. Ecological factors that limit life distribution in tundra’s permafrost are permafrost
26. Permafrost is
permanently frozen layer of ground over 500 m thick.
27. The neritic zone is in:
28. Plants and animals become adapted to life in particular biomes through a process of evolution by natural selection.
29. Organisms with a large range tolerance to an ecological factor are called
eyrobionts.
30. Organisms with a narrow range tolerance to temperature are called
stenobionts.
31. Plants of dry habitats adapted to drought and water shortage are