- •1. The Branch of Phonetics.
- •2. Branches of Phonetics.
- •5. The connection of phonetics with other branches of linguistics.
- •6. Interdisciplinary subjects connected with phonetics.
- •7. The theoretical importance of phonetics.
- •8. The notion of the phoneme. Phoneme theory.
- •9. The relationship between the Phoneme and its allophones.
- •10. The aspects of the phoneme.
- •11. The functions of phoneme.
- •12. The Phonetic structure of the language.
- •13. The Articulation Basis.
- •14. The types of transcription.
- •15. Theories of syllable formation and division.
- •16. The structure of syllables in English.
- •17. The Function of Syllables in English.
- •18. The nature of word stress.
- •19. The Place of Word Stress in English. The Degrees of Stress.
- •20. The functions and tendencies of the English stress.
- •Identificatory / recognitive function
- •21. The Typology of Accentual Structure.
- •22. Intonation: Definition, Approaches, Functions.
- •Informational function
- •Indexical function
- •23. The components of intonation.
- •If the intonation properties of a sense-group are meant, the sense-group is called a tone unit /an intonation group.
- •24. The phonology aspect of intonation
- •25. The notation varieties of English pronunciation.
- •26. Rp/bbc English as the British National Standard of pronunciation. Major accents in uk.
- •27. General American as the American English pronunciation standard.
- •28. Accents of English outside the uk and the usa.
8. The notion of the phoneme. Phoneme theory.
The phoneme can be defined as the smallest further indivisible language unit which is capable of distinguishing one word from another on the same language.
Boudain de Coustenay sonsidered a phoneme as a complex perception of articulatory movements and muscular sensations connecting them to resulting acoustic impressions.
Scherba was first who suggested the idea of sense-differentiating function of the phoneme.
9. The relationship between the Phoneme and its allophones.
When a person wishes to pronounce a phoneme in in isolation he or she usually utters the so-called principal allophone. Besides the principal allophone which preserves the typical articulatory features of phonemes they are subdivided into combinatory and positional.
COMBINATORY – allophones are those which due to the influence of high boarding sounds are the products of assimilation, adaptation and accommodation.
POSITIONAL – allophones are those which are used in definite positions traditionally according to the orthotic norms of the language.
All phonemic variants differ from each other in the same aspect but at the same time they share certain common properties which is Phonetics are called distinctive features.
10. The aspects of the phoneme.
Phoneme is – material, real, objective.
The materiality of the phoneme is be formed by its real existence in language. The phoneme is a concrete speech sound that has it acoustic and articulatory properties. The objectivity of the phoneme consists of the fact that it exists irrespective of the will of the individual.
Phoneme is abstracted and generalized. The statement that a phoneme is both material and abstract affects what is known is Philosophy is dialectical contradiction. The relationship between the phoneme and its variants is a vivid instance of the many sided relation between what is abstract and general on the one hand and concrete and specific, on the other.
11. The functions of phoneme.
The phoneme performs 3 principal functions:
Constitutive – the phoneme help to build the sound shape of morphemes and words.
Precognitive – phonemes help identify words.
Distinctive – phonemes help differentiate the meaning of words and grammatical forms.
12. The Phonetic structure of the language.
The phonetic structure of each language is the historically formed system of its sound means which includes:
Phonemic structure that is the system of vowels and consonants;
Combination and position of phonemes in the words;
Peculiarities of syllable formation and syllable division;
Word accent or stress (type, degree, place);
Intonation which is a complex unit of pitch or melody, sentence stress, tempo and voice timbre.
Each linguistic community uses a certain system of typical articulations of speech organs in the process of speaking. The accent of a foreigner is conditioned by his articulatory habits and not by inborn national or racial peculiarities of speech organs. Essential difference is observed in the so-called articulation basis.