- •1. The Branch of Phonetics.
- •2. Branches of Phonetics.
- •5. The connection of phonetics with other branches of linguistics.
- •6. Interdisciplinary subjects connected with phonetics.
- •7. The theoretical importance of phonetics.
- •8. The notion of the phoneme. Phoneme theory.
- •9. The relationship between the Phoneme and its allophones.
- •10. The aspects of the phoneme.
- •11. The functions of phoneme.
- •12. The Phonetic structure of the language.
- •13. The Articulation Basis.
- •14. The types of transcription.
- •15. Theories of syllable formation and division.
- •16. The structure of syllables in English.
- •17. The Function of Syllables in English.
- •18. The nature of word stress.
- •19. The Place of Word Stress in English. The Degrees of Stress.
- •20. The functions and tendencies of the English stress.
- •Identificatory / recognitive function
- •21. The Typology of Accentual Structure.
- •22. Intonation: Definition, Approaches, Functions.
- •Informational function
- •Indexical function
- •23. The components of intonation.
- •If the intonation properties of a sense-group are meant, the sense-group is called a tone unit /an intonation group.
- •24. The phonology aspect of intonation
- •25. The notation varieties of English pronunciation.
- •26. Rp/bbc English as the British National Standard of pronunciation. Major accents in uk.
- •27. General American as the American English pronunciation standard.
- •28. Accents of English outside the uk and the usa.
1. The Branch of Phonetics.
Phonetics studies the sound system of the language, or segmental phonemes, word stress, syllabic structure and intonation. So it is primarily concerned with the expression level of the language.
Phonetics also deals with the content level because only meaningful sound sequences are regarded as speech.
2. Branches of Phonetics.
Phonetics has three main branches:
Articulatory phonetics
is concerned with the positions andmovements of the speech organs such as the lips and the tonguein producing sounds.
Acoustic phonetics
is concerned with the physical properties of the sound waves.
Auditory phonetics
is concerned with the perception of thespeech sounds or the effect on the ear.
5. The connection of phonetics with other branches of linguistics.
Lexicology - The distinction of words is realized by the variety of their appearances. The phonetic laws of a given language determine the sound composition of words.
Morphology - Sound interchange helps to distinguish:
basic forms of irregular verbs (sing – snag – sung);
nouns and adjectives (strength – strong);
nouns and verbs (extent – to extend, advice – to advise).
Syntax - Any division of a sentence is realized with the help of pauses, sentence stresses and melodies. Changes in pausation can change the meaning of an utterance.
Stylistics - Phonetics is connected with stylistics through repetition of sounds, words and phrases which is the basis of rhythm, rhyme, alliteration and is used as a special device in both prose and poetry.
6. Interdisciplinary subjects connected with phonetics.
Sociophonetics - It studies the ways in which pronunciation interacts with society. It is primarily concerned with the nature of different kinds of English pronunciation used by different age groups in various situations: namely, when talking to equals, superiors, subordinates or when trying to inform, persuade, agree, disagree, praise, complain, compliment, rebuke, etc.
Phonostylistics - It deals with the main stylistic peculiarities of existing functional styles which are displayed in a variety of texts generated in everyday communication.
Speechology - It is oriented towards the optimization of linguistic communication and tries to make an exact and concrete analysis of what actually happens when people speak.
7. The theoretical importance of phonetics.
Phonetics is a fundamental branch of linguistics and no language description is complete without phonetics.
For those who work in speech therapy, which handles pathological conditions of
speech, phonetics forms an essential part of the professional training syllabus. Phonetics also enters into the training of teachers of the deaf and dumb people and can be of relevance to a number of medical and dental problems. An understanding of phonetics has proved extremely useful in such varied spheres as the following: investigations in the historical aspects of languages, and in the field of ialectology; designing or improving systems of writing or spelling (orthographies for unwritten languages, shorthand, spelling reform), in questions involving the spelling or pronunciation of personal or place names or of words borrowed from other languages.