• Active vocabulary

Read and learn the following words

except кроме

enter входить

bring приносить

the rest of остальные

pass проходить

through через, сквозь

pulmonary легочной

fresh свежий

reach достигать

destination место назначения

capillary капилляр

reverse обратный

describe описывать

• Read and translate the text

Text circulation

Blood returning from all parts of the body, except the lungs, enters the right atrium. All this blood enters the right atrium through two great veins — the superior vena cava bringing blood from the head, neck and arms, and the interior vena cava which brings it back from the rest of the body.

From the right atrium, blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It then passes out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

Here the blood gives up the waste carbon dioxide it is carrying and takes in fresh oxygen, which is part of the fuel necessary for the working of the body. This oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs in the pulmonary vein to the left atrium of the heart. From here it passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Then it is pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta. This great artery di­vides into many smaller arteries which convey oxygenated blood all round the body.

When these smaller arteries reach their destination they divide again into very thin-walled vessels called capillaries. Oxygen from the blood passes through the walls of these capillaries to the body cells. Carbon dioxide, which is a waste product formed in the body cells, also passes through the capillary walls, but in the reverse direction, from the body cells to the blood. The capillaries then unite to form veins which carry the blood and waste carbon dioxide back to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and interior vena cava. As already described, the blood passes on again via the tricuspid valve, right ventricle and pulmonary artery to the lungs.

• EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Find in the text English equivalents for these words

and word combinations:

1.кроме легких 2. поступать в правое предсердие 3. из остальных частей тела 4. проходить через 5. выхолить из правого желудочка 6. отдавать 7. обогащенная кислородом кровь 8. по всему организму 9. в противоположном направлении 10. объединяются, образуя вены.

Exercise 2. Quote the sentences in which the following words and word combinations are used in the text:

Two great veins, the tricuspid valve, to pass out, the waste carbon dioxide, the pulmonary vein, mitral valve, to divide into, to reach their destination, to carry back, to pass on

Exercise 3. Answer the questions:

1. Where does blood returning from all parts of the body enter?

2. Where does it pass into from the right atrium?

3. What does it take in the lungs?

4. The oxygenated blood is carried to the left atrium of the heart, is not it?

5. Where does it pass into after that?

6. What do smaller arteries divide into?

7. Does oxygen from the blood pass through the walls of these capillaries or through the walls of veins?

8. What direction does carbon dioxide pass?

9. What do capillaries from?

10. Where do veins carry the blood?

Exercise 4. Insert articles where necessary:

It should now be clear that … function of the left side of… heart is solely to pump oxygenated blood from … lungs to the rest of the body; while … right side returns deoxygenated blood from … rest of the body back to the lungs. Oxygenated blood is bright red in … colour, but when it has given up its oxygen to … body cells and received waste carbon dioxide instead, … deoxygenated blood appears much darker in colour.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Кровь из различных органов возвращается в правое предсердие.

2. Из правого предсердия кровь проходит через трехстворчатый клапан в правый желудочек.

3. Затем она через легочную артерию попадает в легкие.

4. Здесь кровь отдает углекислоту и насыщается кислородом.

5. Кислород крови проникает через стенки капилляров в клетки, а углекислота и отработанные вещества – в кровь.

6. Капилляры, объединяясь переходят в вены, которые переносят кровь и отработанные вещества назад в правое предсердие.

7. Через легочные вены кровь возвращается в левое предсердие.

8. Процесс кровообращения происходит непрерывно.