Topic 6. Safety of life in emergency situations.

Lesson 1. Emergencies of natural character.

Content

Name of the question studied	Time
Introduction.	5'
1. Causes and classification of emergencies.	30'
2. Emergencies of natural character and life safety recommendations.	30'
3. Trends in emergency situations of natural and technogenic disasters in 2011	20'
The final part.	5'

Literature

1. Zaplatynsky V.M. Safety of life. Reference lecture outlines for all specialties. - K. KDTEU, 1999. - 208 p.

2. Bedriy Y.I., Nechai V.Y. Safety of life. Textbook. - L.: Magnolia-2006, 2007. - 499 p.

3. Zhelibo E.P., Zaverukha N.M., Zatsarnyy V.V. Safety of life. The manual / Ed. E.P. Zhelibo. 6th ed. - K.: Caravela, 2008. -344s.

4. Lapin V.M. Safety of human life. Textbook. - K.: Knowledge, 2007. - 332 p.

5. Law of Ukraine "On protection of population and territories from emergency situations of technogenic and natural character", 2000

6. State emergencies qualifier. DC 019-2001.

7. The provisions on the classification of emergency. (Approved PKMU from 24.03.2004, № 368).

8. National Report on the technogenic and natural security in Ukraine in 2007. - K.: MOE, 2008.

Tasks for independent work

1. Examine the lecture material [3], p. 162-192, [2], p. 351-402. [1], p. 119-130, [4], p. 146-179.

2. Get acquainted with the governing documents [5-8].

3. Get acquainted with educational films "Chernobyl-1986", "Ozhydiv-2007”.

THEME 6

Safety of life in emergency situations

1. Causes and classification of emergencies.

2. Emergencies of natural character and life safety recommendations.

3. Trends in emergency situations of natural and technogenic disasters in 2011

Introduction.

Every day in the world is recorded thousands of events in which there occurs a violation of normal living conditions and human activities and that may or do cause death and/or significant material damages. Such events are called emergencies.

The mass media, as a rule, tend to draw public attention to emergencies, especially when they have or may lead to a large number of victims, threaten normal life and activity of groups of people, entire regions or even countries. Almost all newspaper publications, radio or television news issues can not miss such messages.

Common emergency signs:

- the presence or threat of human death or significant deterioration in their life conditions

- economic losses

- the essential deterioration of the environment state

Let’s consider the classification of emergencies and each class of emergencies in order: their causes, negative effects, security recommendations.

1. Causes and Classification of Emergencies

Emergency - violation of normal life and activity of people in a facility or area, caused by an accident, disaster, natural disaster or other dangerous events that led/may lead to people’s death and/or significant material damages.

Causes of emergencies appearance:

- Accidents;

- Disasters;

- Natural disasters;

- other events, such as epidemics, terrorism, armed conflicts etc..

Accident - dangerous technogenic event that creates a threat to people’s life or health at the facility, territory or waters, and leads to the destruction of buildings, equipment and vehicles, breakdown of production or transportation process or harms the environment.

Disaster - large-scale disaster or other event that results in severe and tragic consequences.

Natural hazard - the natural event or the result of natural processes that can affect people, economic facilities and environment due to its intensity, magnitude and duration distribution.

Common signs of emergencies (emergencies effects):

- the presence or threat of people’s death or significant violation of their life conditions;

- economic losses;

- deterioration of the environment state.

According to the causes of events that could lead to emergency appearance, the latter are classified into classes:

1. emergencies of natural character.

2. technogenic emergencies.

3. emergencies of socio-political character.

4. emergencies of military character.

Emergencies of natural character - dangerous geological, meteorological, hydrological, marine and freshwater phenomena, soil or subsoil degradation, natural fires, changing of the industrial environment state, infectious diseases of people, farm animals, mass pests or diseases affection of crops, the state of water resources and the biosphere changing, etc.

Technogenic emergencies - traffic accidents, fires, unprovoked explosions or threat of their appearance, accidents with the release (the threat of release) of hazardous chemical, radioactive, biological substances, sudden destruction of buildings, accidents on networks and life-supporting systems, hydrodynamic accidents at dams etc.

Emergencies of socio-political character, associated with the illegal actions of terroristic and unconstitutional direction: fulfillment or a real threat of fulfillment of a terroristic act (an armed attack, capture and detention of important facilities, nuclear installations and materials, communications and telecommunications, assault or attempt on crew at aircraft or ship), theft (attempted theft) or destroyment of ships, hostage-taking, explosive assemblies setting in public places, weapons stealing or seizing, , etc. obsolete ammunition detection.

Emergencies of military character, associated with the effects of weapons of mass destruction or conventional weapons usage, during which there occur secondary factors affecting the population due to the destruction of nuclear and hydroelectric stations, warehouses and storages of radioactive and toxic substances, waste, petroleum products, explosives, transportation and engineering communications, etc.

Considering the size and effects emergencies classified into 4 levels:

1. State level.

2. Regional level.

3. Local level.

4. Site level.

To determine the level of an emergency, the following criteria [7]:

1) spatial distribution and scope of technical and financial resources needed for disaster management;

2) the number of people affected or living conditions were violated due to an emergency;

3) Size inflicted (expected) losses.

Emergency of the state level - is a emergency:

1) that has spread, or may spread to the territory of other states;

2) that is spread on the territory of two or more regions of Ukraine, and to eliminate it necessary inputs in quantities that exceed the capabilities of these regions, but not less than 1% of the expenditures of local budgets;

3) which led to the death of over 10 persons and injured in more than 300 people (victims - people whose life or health was harmed as a result of the National Assembly), or violated the normal living conditions of more than 50 thousand people for a long time (more than 3 days);

4) died in more than 5 people or injured over 100 people, or violated the normal living conditions of more than 10 thousand people for a long time, and losses exceeding 25 thousand times the minimum wage (MW);

5) losses which exceeded 150 thousand MW;

6) which in other cases stipulated by legislative acts on its grounds recognized as an emergency state level.

Emergency of the regional level is such emergency:

1) which is spread on the territory of two or more counties (cities of regional importance) regions, and for its elimination necessary inputs in amounts that exceed the capabilities of these areas, but not less than 1% of the expenditures of local budgets;

2) which resulted in the death of 3 to 5 persons and injured in 50 to 100 people, or violated normal living conditions from 1 thousand to 10 thousand people for a long time, and losses exceeded 5 thousand MW;

3) the loss of which exceeded 15 thousand MW.

Emergency of local level is the emergency that:

1) has moved beyond the areas potentially dangerous object, threatens the environment, neighboring settlements, engineering, and for its elimination necessary inputs in amounts exceeding their potentially dangerous object;

2) died in 1-2 people and injured 20 to 50 people, or violated normal living conditions of 100 to 1000 people for a long time, and losses exceeded 0.5 thousand MW;

3) the loss of which exceeded 2 thousand MW.

Emergency of the site level - the National Assembly, which is not covered by the above-mentioned definition, occurred at the site, and the consequences of not beyond the facility or its buffer zone.

Cases of violation processes, equipment operation, temporary layoffs as a result of automatic safety locks and other local undesired departments, sections and individual objects falling towers and break wires power lines do not belong to the accidents that have category.

Emergencies have different extent by the number of victims, the number of people who were sick or crippled, the number of people who suffered non-pecuniary damage, the size of economic losses, an area of ​​the territory in which they evolved, and so on.

The importance of an emergency is determined primarily by the number of victims and the degree of impact on the surrounding living environment, ie the level of "man - living environment" she touched, and the size of the damage caused by this system. Based on the hierarchy of systems "man - living environment" You can talk about:

Local emergencies (or Incidents, accidents), which correspond to the level of "man - living environment" with one person or a tight group.

 

Conclusions. The current situation in Ukraine on natural hazards, accidents and disasters characterized as very complex. The trend of increasing number of emergencies, the severity of their consequences are forced to consider them as a serious threat to the individual, society and the environment, as well as the stability of the economy. To work in the area of emergency must involve a significant amount of human, material and technical resources. Prevention of emergency situations and liquidation of their consequences, the maximum reduction in the scale of losses and loss has become a nationwide problem and is one of the most important tasks of the executive and management at all levels.

For effective work to prevent disasters, mitigate their effects, and reduce the scale of loss or damage is very important to know their causes and have a theory of catastrophes.