
- •Содержание
- •Лексико-грамматические комментарии
- •§ 1. Однозначные и многозначные слова
- •§ 2. Омонимы
- •§ 3. Синонимы
- •§ 4. Антонимы
- •§ 5. Словообразование
- •§ 6. Основные типы словарей
- •Словари английского языка
- •Как пользоваться англо-русским словарем
- •§ 7. Характерные аффиксы основных частей речи существительные
- •Прилагательные
- •Глаголы
- •Наречия
- •§ 8. Значения основных префиксов в английском языке
- •§ 9. Употребление имен числительных
- •Practice: Word study
- •2. Using prefixes -1
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •3. Using prefixes - 2
- •1. Work in pairs. Prefixes can be used with words to alter their meaning. Look at the words in italic. What do they mean?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •4. Using prefixes - 3
- •1. Work in pairs. Prefixes can be used with words to change their meaning. Look at the words in italic. What do they mean?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •5. Spelling and pronunciation - 1: Vowels
- •1. Work in pairs. Match the words on the right to the examples on the left, according to the vowel sound they share in common. Say them aloud to help you to decide.
- •2. Add these words to the appropriate group above, according to their vowel sounds:
- •3. Find the mistakes in each of these sentences and correct them.
- •6. Spelling and pronunciation - 2: Diphthongs
- •2. Add these words to the appropriate group above:
- •3. Write down the missing words in these sentences.
- •4. Write down three more sentences, using words from ex 2 above. Then join another student and dictate your sentences to each other.
- •7. Spelling and pronunciation - 3: Consonants
- •The consonant sounds of English can often be spelled in several ways. Look at these examples.
- •2. Some consonants are written but not pronounced. Here are some examples of these 'silent letters'. Can you think of two more examples to add to each list?
- •8. Compound words - 1
- •2. Most compound adjectives are written with a hyphen. Many compound nouns are written as two words or as one word (with no hyphen). Add more examples to the lists, using these words:
- •3. Fill each gap with a word that combines with the one given to make a suitable compound.
- •9. Compound words - 2
- •1. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound nouns. These are compound nouns that are normally written as two words, with no hyphens.
- •2. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound nouns. These are compound nouns that are normally written as one word, with no hyphens.
- •3. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound adjectives. Remember that most compound adjectives are normally written with hyphens.
- •10. Using suffixes - 1: Adjectives
- •2. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words that fit in the spaces.
- •11. Using suffixes - 2: Actions and people
- •1. Work in pairs. What is the meaning of the words in italic in these sentences?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words. Write them down, because in some cases the spelling changes.
- •3. Add more examples to the lists, using these root words:
- •4. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words that fit in the spaces.
- •Inhabit immigrate descend
- •12. Using suffixes - 3: Abstract nouns
- •1. Add more examples of nouns formed from the verbs listed. Check the spelling changes in a dictionary.
- •2. Add more examples of nouns formed from the adjectives listed. Use a dictionary to check your spelling, if necessary.
- •3. What adjective do you associate with each of these abstract nouns?
- •4. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of the exercise to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •13. Opposites
- •1. Work in pairs. Write down the opposites of these adjectives, which are formed with a negative prefix:
- •2. Many opposites are different words. Write down the opposites of these adjectives:
- •3. Write down the opposites of these verbs:
- •14. Stressing the right syllable
- •1. It's important to stress the right part of a word. Mark the stressed syllables in the words in italic.
- •Verbs and -ing forms
- •2. Work in pairs. Take it in turns to read the sentences aloud.
- •4. Work in pairs. Take it in turns to read the words aloud.
- •15. Synonyms
- •Additional exercises
- •1. Use your dictionary to complete the word in each sentence.
- •2. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word underlined, beginning as shown. Begin the word with a prefix from the list.
- •3. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.
- •4. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, using one of the prefixes or suffixes given.
- •5. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •6. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •7. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
- •8. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning, and contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the word in any way.
- •9. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.
- •10. Add one of the prefixes in the list to each incomplete word so that it makes sense. Use each prefix once only.
- •11. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.
- •12. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, using one of the prefixes or suffixes given.
- •13. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •14. Choose the most suitable compound word underlined.
- •15. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •16. Complete each sentence with one suitable word which is the opposite of the word underlined.
- •17. Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •18. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning, and contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the word in any way.
- •19. Use a dictionary to find compound words beginning sea-. Complete each sentence with one of these words.
- •20. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •21. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •22. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •23. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •24. Complete each sentence with the words home, house or a word formed from one of these words.
- •25. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •26. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •27. Complete each sentence with a word formed from cook. Use each word once only.
- •28. Make a word or a compound word to match the description.
- •29. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •30. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •31. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •32. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •33. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •34. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •35. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •36. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •37. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •38. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •39. Replace each word or phrase underlined with a word or phrase from the list which has the opposite meaning.
- •40. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •41. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase formed from pay. Each space represents one word.
- •42. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •43. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •44. Words Often Confused. Choose the correct words in the following sentences:
- •Key to additional exercises pp 38-55
- •Библиографический список:
§ 9. Употребление имен числительных
В английском языке слова hundred ['hAndrid] сто, thousand [θ'auzənd] тысяча, million ['miljən] миллион являются существительными, поэтому перед ними ставятся или неопределенный артикль а, или числительное one. Например: a hundred, one hundred (одна) сотня, a thousand, one thousand (одна) тысяча и т.д.
Однако они не принимают окончания множественного числа -s, когда перед ними стоят числительные two, three, four и т. д. Например:
two hundred двести (две сотни)
two hundred and fifty двести пятьдесят
three thousand три тысячи
five million пять миллионов
Запятая или пробел в английском языке ставится после тысяч и миллионов: 28,144 28 144 – twenty-eight thousand, one hundred and fourty-four двадцать восемь тысяч сто сорок четыре
2,600,830 2 600 830 – two million, six hundred thousand, eight hundred and thirty
В английском языке в отличие от русского количественные числительные используются для обозначения номеров домов, квартир, комнат, трамваев, троллейбусов, автобусов, маршрутов самолетов, страниц, глав книг и т. д. Традиционно на письме они обозначаются цифрами, стоящими после определяемого слова. Определяемое существительное в этом случае употребляется без артикля. Например:
They live in Oxford Street 27 (Oxford Street twenty-seven), Apartment 5 (Apartment five). Ann opened the book at Page 30. I go to the institute either by Bus 7 or by Bus 22. Where is Group 3? They are in Room 215. Read Paragraph 3. Flight Number 59 has just arrived.
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Они живут на Оксфорд-стрит, в доме 27, в пятой квартире (в квартире номер 5). Аня открыла книгу на тридцатой странице. Я езжу в институт или седьмым, или двадцать вторым автобусом. Где третья группа? Она в двести пятнадцатой аудитории. Читайте третий параграф. Рейс 59 прибыл. |
Количественные числительные употребляются также для обозначения номеров телефонов. Например:
His telephone number is 311-22-18 (каждая цифра номера произносится отдельно: three-one-one-two-two-one-eight. Двойная цифра чаще произносится double one, double two: three-double one-double two-one-eight) |
Номер его телефона 311-22-18. |
Употребление числительных в английском языке при обозначении хронологических дат отличается от их употребления в русском языке.
1. Годы обозначаются количественными числительными и читаются следующим образом:
1900 — nineteen hundred 1905 — nineteen oh [əu] five (в официальном языке — nineteen hundred and five) 1917 — nineteen seventeen (nineteen hundred and seventeen) |
1900 г.— тысяча девятисотый год 1905 г.— тысяча девятьсот пятый год
1917 г.— тысяча девятьсот семнадцатый год |
Слово year после обозначения года не употребляется, но иногда ставится перед ним в сочетании с предлогом in the year. Например:
Queen Victoria died in the year 1900. |
Королева Виктория умерла в тысяча девятисотом году. |
2. Даты обозначаются порядковыми числительными. Например: 9 мая 1945 г. можно выразить следующим образом:
9th May, 1945 May 9th, 1945 May 9, 1945 |
The ninth of May, nineteen forty-five. Или: May the ninth, nineteen forty-five. |
Порядковые числительные до 20 за исключением числительных first первый, second второй и third третий, образуются от количественных числительных путем прибавления к ним суффикса -th:
four — (the) fourth четвертый
six — (the) sixth шестой
seven — (the) seventh седьмой
ten — (the) tenth десятый
eleven — (the) eleventh одиннадцатый
twelve — (the) twelfth двенадцатый
thirteen — (the) thirteenth тринадцатый
При образовании порядковых числительных (the) fifth, (the) eighth, (the) ninth от соответствующих количественных числительных первого десятка их основы видоизменяются:
five — fifth пятый eight — eighth восьмой nine — ninth девятый
При образовании порядковых числительных от количественных, имеющих окончание -у, происходит изменение конечной буквы на -i- и к этой основе прибавляется суффикс -eth. Например:
twenty — (the) twentieth двадцатый thirty — (the) thirtieth тридцатый forty — (the) fortieth сороковой
При образовании порядковых числительных от сложных количественных изменению подвергается только последний компонент. Например:
twenty-one — twenty-first двадцать первый
twenty-two — twenty-second двадцать второй
twenty-three — twenty-third двадцать третий
twenty-four — twenty-fourth двадцать четвертый
one hundred and one — one hundred and first сто первый
Дробные числа (fractions) и десятичные числа (decimals) читаются следующим образом:
1/3 - one third одна третья
5/100 – five hundredths пять сотых
35/16 – three and five sixteenths три целых пять шестнадцатых
21/4 – two and a quarter две целых одна четвертая
1/2, 1/4, 1/3 – a half, a quarter, a third половина, четверть, треть
7/256, 31/144 – seven over two five six, thirty-one over one four four семь двести пятьдесят шестых, тридцать одна сто сорок четвертая.
0.5 – zero (nought) point five (a half) ноль целых пять десятых
26.23 – twenty-six point two three двадцать шесть целых двадцать три сотых
Проценты читаются всегда в единственном числе:
20% - twenty per cent двадцать процентов
0.5% - half a per cent полпроцента
Денежные суммы произносятся следующим образом:
forty-five p [pi:] сорок пять пенсов
twenty-two pounds (and) 45 pence (or "p") двадцать два фунта 45 пенсов
seventy-nine dollars (and) 30 cents семьдесят девять долларов 30 центов
Числительные трехдневный, восьмилетний и т.п. в качестве определений перед существительными всегда пишутся через дефис и употребляются в единственном числе:
A five-pound note six two-hour lessons a three-mile walk a three-month-old baby a four-foot-deep hole a six-foot-tall man