- •Содержание
- •Лексико-грамматические комментарии
- •§ 1. Однозначные и многозначные слова
- •§ 2. Омонимы
- •§ 3. Синонимы
- •§ 4. Антонимы
- •§ 5. Словообразование
- •§ 6. Основные типы словарей
- •Словари английского языка
- •Как пользоваться англо-русским словарем
- •§ 7. Характерные аффиксы основных частей речи существительные
- •Прилагательные
- •Глаголы
- •Наречия
- •§ 8. Значения основных префиксов в английском языке
- •§ 9. Употребление имен числительных
- •Practice: Word study
- •2. Using prefixes -1
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •3. Using prefixes - 2
- •1. Work in pairs. Prefixes can be used with words to alter their meaning. Look at the words in italic. What do they mean?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •4. Using prefixes - 3
- •1. Work in pairs. Prefixes can be used with words to change their meaning. Look at the words in italic. What do they mean?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •5. Spelling and pronunciation - 1: Vowels
- •1. Work in pairs. Match the words on the right to the examples on the left, according to the vowel sound they share in common. Say them aloud to help you to decide.
- •2. Add these words to the appropriate group above, according to their vowel sounds:
- •3. Find the mistakes in each of these sentences and correct them.
- •6. Spelling and pronunciation - 2: Diphthongs
- •2. Add these words to the appropriate group above:
- •3. Write down the missing words in these sentences.
- •4. Write down three more sentences, using words from ex 2 above. Then join another student and dictate your sentences to each other.
- •7. Spelling and pronunciation - 3: Consonants
- •The consonant sounds of English can often be spelled in several ways. Look at these examples.
- •2. Some consonants are written but not pronounced. Here are some examples of these 'silent letters'. Can you think of two more examples to add to each list?
- •8. Compound words - 1
- •2. Most compound adjectives are written with a hyphen. Many compound nouns are written as two words or as one word (with no hyphen). Add more examples to the lists, using these words:
- •3. Fill each gap with a word that combines with the one given to make a suitable compound.
- •9. Compound words - 2
- •1. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound nouns. These are compound nouns that are normally written as two words, with no hyphens.
- •2. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound nouns. These are compound nouns that are normally written as one word, with no hyphens.
- •3. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound adjectives. Remember that most compound adjectives are normally written with hyphens.
- •10. Using suffixes - 1: Adjectives
- •2. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words that fit in the spaces.
- •11. Using suffixes - 2: Actions and people
- •1. Work in pairs. What is the meaning of the words in italic in these sentences?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words. Write them down, because in some cases the spelling changes.
- •3. Add more examples to the lists, using these root words:
- •4. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words that fit in the spaces.
- •Inhabit immigrate descend
- •12. Using suffixes - 3: Abstract nouns
- •1. Add more examples of nouns formed from the verbs listed. Check the spelling changes in a dictionary.
- •2. Add more examples of nouns formed from the adjectives listed. Use a dictionary to check your spelling, if necessary.
- •3. What adjective do you associate with each of these abstract nouns?
- •4. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of the exercise to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •13. Opposites
- •1. Work in pairs. Write down the opposites of these adjectives, which are formed with a negative prefix:
- •2. Many opposites are different words. Write down the opposites of these adjectives:
- •3. Write down the opposites of these verbs:
- •14. Stressing the right syllable
- •1. It's important to stress the right part of a word. Mark the stressed syllables in the words in italic.
- •Verbs and -ing forms
- •2. Work in pairs. Take it in turns to read the sentences aloud.
- •4. Work in pairs. Take it in turns to read the words aloud.
- •15. Synonyms
- •Additional exercises
- •1. Use your dictionary to complete the word in each sentence.
- •2. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word underlined, beginning as shown. Begin the word with a prefix from the list.
- •3. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.
- •4. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, using one of the prefixes or suffixes given.
- •5. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •6. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •7. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
- •8. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning, and contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the word in any way.
- •9. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.
- •10. Add one of the prefixes in the list to each incomplete word so that it makes sense. Use each prefix once only.
- •11. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.
- •12. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, using one of the prefixes or suffixes given.
- •13. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •14. Choose the most suitable compound word underlined.
- •15. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •16. Complete each sentence with one suitable word which is the opposite of the word underlined.
- •17. Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •18. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning, and contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the word in any way.
- •19. Use a dictionary to find compound words beginning sea-. Complete each sentence with one of these words.
- •20. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •21. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •22. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •23. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •24. Complete each sentence with the words home, house or a word formed from one of these words.
- •25. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •26. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •27. Complete each sentence with a word formed from cook. Use each word once only.
- •28. Make a word or a compound word to match the description.
- •29. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •30. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •31. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •32. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •33. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •34. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •35. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •36. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •37. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •38. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •39. Replace each word or phrase underlined with a word or phrase from the list which has the opposite meaning.
- •40. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •41. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase formed from pay. Each space represents one word.
- •42. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •43. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •44. Words Often Confused. Choose the correct words in the following sentences:
- •Key to additional exercises pp 38-55
- •Библиографический список:
Прилагательные
Имена прилагательные бывают простые, не имеющие в своем составе ни префиксов, ни суффиксов, и производные, образованные с помощью словообразовательных элементов от других частей речи.
К наиболее характерным суффиксам прилагательных относятся следующие:
-ful: useful полезный, hopeful надеющийся
-less: useless бесполезный, helpless беспомощный
-ous: famous знаменитый, courageous мужественный
-al: formal формальный, central центральный
-able (-ible): eatable съедобный, visible видимый
-ic: economic экономический, static статический
-ical: historical исторический, practical практический
-ive: active активный, inventive изобретательный
-en: woolen шерстяной, golden золотой
-ed: bearded бородатый, long-sighted дальнозоркий
-ese: Japanese японский, Portugese португальский
--i: Pakistani пакистанский, Iraqi иракский
-(i)an: Brazilian бразильский, Mexican мексиканский
-ish: bluish голубоватый, Polish польский
-like: business-like делового типа, rubber-like типа каучука
-type: A-type вида А, Hollywood-type вроде голливудской звезды
-ly: monthly ежемесячный, yearly ежегодный
-y: windy ветреный, shaky шаткий
Самыми употребительными префиксами прилагательных являются такие, как un- и in-. Например:
un-: unhappy несчастный, unequal неравный
in-: incomplete неполный, indifferent безразличный
Перед начальной буквой l- префикс in- превращается в il-, перед r- —в ir-, а перед m- и р- — в im-: illogical нелогичный, irregular нерегулярный, immobile неподвижный, immortal бессмертный, impatient нетерпеливый, impossible невозможный и т. д.
Глаголы
-ate: dominate доминировать, irritate раздражать
-en: harden укреплять, lengthen удлинять
-ify: identify отождествлять, magnify увеличивать
-ise / -ize: Americanize американизировать, realise реализовать
Наречия
-ly: slowly медленно, aggressively агрессивно
-ward(s): backwards назад, homeward(s) по направлению к дому
-wise: clockwise по часовой стрелке, edgewise острием, краем
§ 8. Значения основных префиксов в английском языке
prefix |
meaning |
examples |
a- |
(1) in a particular way or condition в особенном состоянии (2) without (note different pron-n) |
(1) awake, asleep (first syllable pronounced /ə/) (2) atypical, amoral (first syllable pronounced /ei/) |
anti- |
against or opposed to |
antibiotic, anticlimax, anti-nuclear |
ante- |
before |
antenatal, antechamber |
auto- |
self само-, свой |
autobiography, autograph |
de- |
to reverse, to alter изменять |
decommission, deform, destabilise |
dis- |
to reverse, to remove изменять, исключая |
disarm, disagree, dismantle, disqualify |
down- |
to lower, to reduce |
downsize, downgrade |
dys- |
not regular or normal |
dyslexia, dysfunctional |
extra- |
beyond за пределами |
extramural, extraordinary, extraterrestrial |
half- |
one of two equal parts |
halfway, half-moon |
hyper- |
extreme |
hyperactive, hyperinflation |
hypo- |
less than usual, too little |
hypothermia, hypotension |
il-,im- in-, ir- |
not |
illegal, impossible, intolerant, irresponsible |
inter- |
between |
interactive, intercontinental, international |
intra- |
within внутри, в пределах |
intra-departmental, intramural |
intro- |
directed within направленный внутрь |
introvert, introspection |
mega- |
very big, important |
megabyte, megastar |
mid- |
middle |
midday, mid-September |
mis- |
incorrectly, badly |
misinterpret, misunderstand, misinform |
non- |
not |
non-smoker, non-stick, non-believer |
over- |
too much |
overeat, overindulgent |
out- |
go beyond/exceed выходящий за пределы |
outdo, outshine, outbid |
para- |
(1) beyond вне (2) similar or connected to |
(1) paranormal; (2) paramedic, paramilitary |
post- |
after |
post-war, postpone |
pre- |
before |
pre-1990, predetermined, pre-set |
pro- |
in favour of в пользу ч.-л., к.-л. |
pro-Europe, pro-nationalisation |
re- |
again |
reapply, refocus |
semi- |
half полу- |
semicircle, semiconscious |
sub- |
under, below, secondary ниже, хуже, вторичный |
subway, subtitle, subzero, subnormal |
super- |
above, beyond, excessive чрезмерный |
superstructure, superhero, supersensitive |
tele- |
at a distance на расстоянии |
telecommunication, television, telepathy |
trans- |
across через |
transatlantic, transmit |
ultra- |
extremely |
ultralight, ultrasonic |
un- |
(1) remove удалить (2) reverse, not наоборот |
(1) undress, undo; (2) unhappy, unlucky |
up- |
make higher, increase повышая |
upgrade, uplift, upscale |
under- |
beneath, less than недо-, ниже |
underworld, under-age, underestimate |
vice |
deputy замещающий |
vice-president, viceroy |