- •Содержание
- •Лексико-грамматические комментарии
- •§ 1. Однозначные и многозначные слова
- •§ 2. Омонимы
- •§ 3. Синонимы
- •§ 4. Антонимы
- •§ 5. Словообразование
- •§ 6. Основные типы словарей
- •Словари английского языка
- •Как пользоваться англо-русским словарем
- •§ 7. Характерные аффиксы основных частей речи существительные
- •Прилагательные
- •Глаголы
- •Наречия
- •§ 8. Значения основных префиксов в английском языке
- •§ 9. Употребление имен числительных
- •Practice: Word study
- •2. Using prefixes -1
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •3. Using prefixes - 2
- •1. Work in pairs. Prefixes can be used with words to alter their meaning. Look at the words in italic. What do they mean?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •4. Using prefixes - 3
- •1. Work in pairs. Prefixes can be used with words to change their meaning. Look at the words in italic. What do they mean?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •5. Spelling and pronunciation - 1: Vowels
- •1. Work in pairs. Match the words on the right to the examples on the left, according to the vowel sound they share in common. Say them aloud to help you to decide.
- •2. Add these words to the appropriate group above, according to their vowel sounds:
- •3. Find the mistakes in each of these sentences and correct them.
- •6. Spelling and pronunciation - 2: Diphthongs
- •2. Add these words to the appropriate group above:
- •3. Write down the missing words in these sentences.
- •4. Write down three more sentences, using words from ex 2 above. Then join another student and dictate your sentences to each other.
- •7. Spelling and pronunciation - 3: Consonants
- •The consonant sounds of English can often be spelled in several ways. Look at these examples.
- •2. Some consonants are written but not pronounced. Here are some examples of these 'silent letters'. Can you think of two more examples to add to each list?
- •8. Compound words - 1
- •2. Most compound adjectives are written with a hyphen. Many compound nouns are written as two words or as one word (with no hyphen). Add more examples to the lists, using these words:
- •3. Fill each gap with a word that combines with the one given to make a suitable compound.
- •9. Compound words - 2
- •1. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound nouns. These are compound nouns that are normally written as two words, with no hyphens.
- •2. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound nouns. These are compound nouns that are normally written as one word, with no hyphens.
- •3. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound adjectives. Remember that most compound adjectives are normally written with hyphens.
- •10. Using suffixes - 1: Adjectives
- •2. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words that fit in the spaces.
- •11. Using suffixes - 2: Actions and people
- •1. Work in pairs. What is the meaning of the words in italic in these sentences?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words. Write them down, because in some cases the spelling changes.
- •3. Add more examples to the lists, using these root words:
- •4. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words that fit in the spaces.
- •Inhabit immigrate descend
- •12. Using suffixes - 3: Abstract nouns
- •1. Add more examples of nouns formed from the verbs listed. Check the spelling changes in a dictionary.
- •2. Add more examples of nouns formed from the adjectives listed. Use a dictionary to check your spelling, if necessary.
- •3. What adjective do you associate with each of these abstract nouns?
- •4. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of the exercise to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •13. Opposites
- •1. Work in pairs. Write down the opposites of these adjectives, which are formed with a negative prefix:
- •2. Many opposites are different words. Write down the opposites of these adjectives:
- •3. Write down the opposites of these verbs:
- •14. Stressing the right syllable
- •1. It's important to stress the right part of a word. Mark the stressed syllables in the words in italic.
- •Verbs and -ing forms
- •2. Work in pairs. Take it in turns to read the sentences aloud.
- •4. Work in pairs. Take it in turns to read the words aloud.
- •15. Synonyms
- •Additional exercises
- •1. Use your dictionary to complete the word in each sentence.
- •2. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word underlined, beginning as shown. Begin the word with a prefix from the list.
- •3. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.
- •4. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, using one of the prefixes or suffixes given.
- •5. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •6. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •7. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
- •8. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning, and contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the word in any way.
- •9. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.
- •10. Add one of the prefixes in the list to each incomplete word so that it makes sense. Use each prefix once only.
- •11. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.
- •12. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, using one of the prefixes or suffixes given.
- •13. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •14. Choose the most suitable compound word underlined.
- •15. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •16. Complete each sentence with one suitable word which is the opposite of the word underlined.
- •17. Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •18. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning, and contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the word in any way.
- •19. Use a dictionary to find compound words beginning sea-. Complete each sentence with one of these words.
- •20. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •21. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •22. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •23. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •24. Complete each sentence with the words home, house or a word formed from one of these words.
- •25. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •26. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •27. Complete each sentence with a word formed from cook. Use each word once only.
- •28. Make a word or a compound word to match the description.
- •29. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •30. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •31. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •32. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •33. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •34. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •35. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •36. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •37. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •38. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •39. Replace each word or phrase underlined with a word or phrase from the list which has the opposite meaning.
- •40. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •41. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase formed from pay. Each space represents one word.
- •42. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •43. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •44. Words Often Confused. Choose the correct words in the following sentences:
- •Key to additional exercises pp 38-55
- •Библиографический список:
§ 5. Словообразование
Словарный состав, или лексика, английского языка, как и любого другого, находится в состоянии непрерывного изменения. Одна из закономерностей развития словарного состава языка — пополнение его новыми словами. Пополнение это происходит двумя путями: путем заимствования слов из других языков и путем образования новых слов — словообразования. В этом процессе проявляется связь словообразования с грамматикой, в частности с морфологией, поскольку новые слова оформляются в соответствии с законами грамматического строя английского языка. Так, новые слова создаются по аналогии, т. е. по образцу уже существующих в языке, и всегда оформляются как определенная часть речи (имя существительное, имя прилагательное, глагол, наречие и т. д.) со всеми признаками этой части речи.
В английском языке существует несколько способов словообразования: морфологический способ, словосложение, чередование гласных корня, сокращение (усечение) основы, конверсия.
Морфологический способ словообразования — это создание новых слов присоединением префиксов и суффиксов к основе слова. Например, от основы существительного luck судьба, случай, удача может быть образовано при помощи суффикса -у прилагательное lucky удачный, а префикс un- образует его антоним unlucky неудачный. Суффикс -lу, присоединенный к основе прилагательного, образует наречие luckily удачно.
Наиболее употребительные словообразовательные суффиксы:
— имен существительных: -er (-or), -dom, -ness, -(a)tion, -ist, -ism и др. Например: teacher учитель (от глагола учить (to) teach + -er), freedom свобода (от прилагательного свободный free + -dom), brightness яркость (от прилагательного яркий bright + -ness), foundation основа (от глагола основывать (to) found + -ation), artist — художник (от существительного искусство art + -ist), marxism марксизм (от имени существительного собственного Маркс Marx + -ism)
— имен прилагательных: -able, -less, -ful, -ic, -ous и др. Например: eatable съедобный (от глагола есть, кушать (to) eat + -able), careless невнимательный (от глагола заботиться (to) care + -less), doubtful сомнительный (от глагола сомневаться (to) doubt + -ful), poetic поэтический (от существительного поэт poet + -ic), courageous храбрый, смелый (от существительного храбрость courage + -ous)
— глаголов: -en, -fy, -ize и др. Например: to darken затемнять (от прилагательного темный dark +-en), to simplify упрощать (от прилагательного простой simpl(ei) +-fy), to harmonize соответствовать (от существительного гармония harmon(y) + -ize)
— наречий; -ly, -ward. Например: quickly быстро (от прилагательного быстрый quick + -ly), backward назад (от прилагательного задний back + -ward) Морфологический способ словообразования очень распространен в английском языке.
Словосложение — это способ образования новых слов путем соединения двух и более основ в одно целое. При словосложении образуются составные слова. Например:
black черный + board доска = blackboard классная доска
text текст + book книга = textbook учебник
time время + table таблица = timetable расписание
Чередование гласных основы слова — это способ словообразования, при котором меняется фонетический состав корня. Например: to sing [si] петь — song [so] песня; food [fud] пища — to feed [fi:d] кормить.
Сокращение (усечение) основы слова — это способ словообразования, при котором исходное слово ,теряет один или несколько слогов, в результате чего образуется новое слово, часто разговорное, с тем же значением. Например:
vacation [və'kei∫ən] — vac [væk] каникулы
telephone ['telifəun] — phone [fəun] телефон
laboratory [la'borətəri] —lab [Iæb] лаборатория
examination [ig.zæmi'nei∫ən] —exam [ig'zæm] экзамен
Конверсия (безаффиксальное словообразование) — один из главных способов словообразования в английском языке. При конверсии новые слова возникают без изменения основной формы слов, из которых они образуются, т. е. слово начинает употребляться как другая часть речи и приобретает все свойства и формы этой другой части речи. Например: work работа (существительное) —to work работать (глагол), to love любить (глагол) — love любовь (существительное), to find находить (глагол) — find находка (существительное), water вода (существительное) —to water поливать (глагол), knife нож (существительное) — to knife резать ножом (глагол), dust пыль (существительное) — to dust вытирать пыль (глагол). Этот способ словообразования не имеет аналога в русском языке.