- •Содержание
- •Лексико-грамматические комментарии
- •§ 1. Однозначные и многозначные слова
- •§ 2. Омонимы
- •§ 3. Синонимы
- •§ 4. Антонимы
- •§ 5. Словообразование
- •§ 6. Основные типы словарей
- •Словари английского языка
- •Как пользоваться англо-русским словарем
- •§ 7. Характерные аффиксы основных частей речи существительные
- •Прилагательные
- •Глаголы
- •Наречия
- •§ 8. Значения основных префиксов в английском языке
- •§ 9. Употребление имен числительных
- •Practice: Word study
- •2. Using prefixes -1
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •3. Using prefixes - 2
- •1. Work in pairs. Prefixes can be used with words to alter their meaning. Look at the words in italic. What do they mean?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •4. Using prefixes - 3
- •1. Work in pairs. Prefixes can be used with words to change their meaning. Look at the words in italic. What do they mean?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below using these root words:
- •3. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words to fit in the spaces.
- •5. Spelling and pronunciation - 1: Vowels
- •1. Work in pairs. Match the words on the right to the examples on the left, according to the vowel sound they share in common. Say them aloud to help you to decide.
- •2. Add these words to the appropriate group above, according to their vowel sounds:
- •3. Find the mistakes in each of these sentences and correct them.
- •6. Spelling and pronunciation - 2: Diphthongs
- •2. Add these words to the appropriate group above:
- •3. Write down the missing words in these sentences.
- •4. Write down three more sentences, using words from ex 2 above. Then join another student and dictate your sentences to each other.
- •7. Spelling and pronunciation - 3: Consonants
- •The consonant sounds of English can often be spelled in several ways. Look at these examples.
- •2. Some consonants are written but not pronounced. Here are some examples of these 'silent letters'. Can you think of two more examples to add to each list?
- •8. Compound words - 1
- •2. Most compound adjectives are written with a hyphen. Many compound nouns are written as two words or as one word (with no hyphen). Add more examples to the lists, using these words:
- •3. Fill each gap with a word that combines with the one given to make a suitable compound.
- •9. Compound words - 2
- •1. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound nouns. These are compound nouns that are normally written as two words, with no hyphens.
- •2. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound nouns. These are compound nouns that are normally written as one word, with no hyphens.
- •3. Combine the words in these two lists to make compound adjectives. Remember that most compound adjectives are normally written with hyphens.
- •10. Using suffixes - 1: Adjectives
- •2. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words that fit in the spaces.
- •11. Using suffixes - 2: Actions and people
- •1. Work in pairs. What is the meaning of the words in italic in these sentences?
- •2. Add more examples to the lists below, using these root words. Write them down, because in some cases the spelling changes.
- •3. Add more examples to the lists, using these root words:
- •4. Use the words in bold at the end of each line to form new words that fit in the spaces.
- •Inhabit immigrate descend
- •12. Using suffixes - 3: Abstract nouns
- •1. Add more examples of nouns formed from the verbs listed. Check the spelling changes in a dictionary.
- •2. Add more examples of nouns formed from the adjectives listed. Use a dictionary to check your spelling, if necessary.
- •3. What adjective do you associate with each of these abstract nouns?
- •4. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of the exercise to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •13. Opposites
- •1. Work in pairs. Write down the opposites of these adjectives, which are formed with a negative prefix:
- •2. Many opposites are different words. Write down the opposites of these adjectives:
- •3. Write down the opposites of these verbs:
- •14. Stressing the right syllable
- •1. It's important to stress the right part of a word. Mark the stressed syllables in the words in italic.
- •Verbs and -ing forms
- •2. Work in pairs. Take it in turns to read the sentences aloud.
- •4. Work in pairs. Take it in turns to read the words aloud.
- •15. Synonyms
- •Additional exercises
- •1. Use your dictionary to complete the word in each sentence.
- •2. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word underlined, beginning as shown. Begin the word with a prefix from the list.
- •3. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.
- •4. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, using one of the prefixes or suffixes given.
- •5. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •6. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •7. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
- •8. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning, and contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the word in any way.
- •9. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.
- •10. Add one of the prefixes in the list to each incomplete word so that it makes sense. Use each prefix once only.
- •11. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.
- •12. Complete each sentence with a word formed from a word given in the list, using one of the prefixes or suffixes given.
- •13. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •14. Choose the most suitable compound word underlined.
- •15. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •16. Complete each sentence with one suitable word which is the opposite of the word underlined.
- •17. Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •18. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning, and contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the word in any way.
- •19. Use a dictionary to find compound words beginning sea-. Complete each sentence with one of these words.
- •20. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •21. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •22. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list.
- •23. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •24. Complete each sentence with the words home, house or a word formed from one of these words.
- •25. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •26. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •27. Complete each sentence with a word formed from cook. Use each word once only.
- •28. Make a word or a compound word to match the description.
- •29. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •30. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •31. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •32. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •33. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •34. Complete the compound word in each sentence, using a word given in the list. Use each word once only.
- •35. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •36. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •37. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •38. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •39. Replace each word or phrase underlined with a word or phrase from the list which has the opposite meaning.
- •40. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •41. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase formed from pay. Each space represents one word.
- •42. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •43. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
- •44. Words Often Confused. Choose the correct words in the following sentences:
- •Key to additional exercises pp 38-55
- •Библиографический список:
§ 2. Омонимы
От многозначных слов следует отличать слова, имеющие одинаковое звучание и написание, принадлежащие к одной и той же части речи, но разные по лексическому значению. Такие слова называются полными омонимами. Например, существительные: spring весна, spring пружина и spring источник, родник. Эти слова имеют разные значения, никак не связанные друг с другом. В современном английском языке омонимов много, особенно среди односложных слов, например, существительные: match спичка, match матч, состязание, match пара; глаголы: to miss промахнуться, to miss скучать и др.
Существуют еще омонимы, которые хотя и совпадают по звучанию и написанию, но различаются между собой и по значению, и грамматически (относятся к разным частям речи). Такие омонимы называются неполными. Например: flat' квартира (существительное) —flat плоский (прилагательное); mean середина (существительное) — mean намереваться, иметь в виду (глагол) — mean низкий, подлый (прилагательное); rose роза (существительное) — rose встал (глагол в Past Indefinite) Неполные омонимы могут относиться к одной и той же части речи, но при этом представлять разные грамматические формы: to found основывать (инфинитив глагола) — found нашел (Past Indefinite глагола to find).
§ 3. Синонимы
Слова, принадлежащие к одной и той же части речи и близкие или тождественные по значению, называются синонимами. Они отличаются друг от друга оттенками значения и употреблением в речи.
Слова-синонимы объединяются в синонимические ряды. Одно из этих слов является в этом ряду главным, или основным, так как передает наиболее общее понятие, и является нейтральным по употреблению.
Например, глаголы, обозначающие трудовую деятельность, to work, to toil, to labour, to drudge составляют синонимический ряд, который объединяет общее значение работать, трудиться (to work — основной глагол), но помимо этого значения каждый из них передает какие-то сопутствующие представления о процессе труда: to work — работать, трудиться, заниматься (чем-л.), to toil — усиленно работать, трудиться; достигать (чего-л.) тяжелым трудом, to labour — трудиться, (тяжело) работать; прилагать усилия, добиваться (чего-л.) с трудом, to drudge — выполнять тяжелую, нудную работу.
Синонимы помогают показать разницу в оттенках значения многозначного слова, передают отношение говорящего к предмету речи. Наличие в языке синонимов является одним из показателей его богатства.
§ 4. Антонимы
Антонимы — это слова, принадлежащие к одной и той же части речи и имеющие противоположные значения. Например:
a friend друг — an enemy враг
to cry плакать — to laugh смеяться
big большой — small маленький
young молодой — old старый и т. д.
Антонимами могут быть как знаменательные части речи (имена существительные: health здоровье — illness болезнь; имена прилагательные: short короткий — long длинный; глаголы: to start начинать — to finish кончать и т. д.), так и служебные (например, предлоги: in в — out из; above над — under под) и т. д.
Антонимы могут объединять слова, которые обозначают оттенки качества: размер, цвет, вкус и др. (tall высокий — low низкий, black черный — white белый, sweet сладкий — sour кислый); эмоции (to love любить — to hate ненавидеть, love любовь — hatred ненависть); состояние (to sleep спать — to be awake бодрствовать) или временные и пространственные отношения (yesterday вчера — today сегодня, North север — South юг, there там — here здесь) и др.
Слова с конкретно-предметным значением, употребленные в прямом, а не в переносном значении (a house дом, a table стол и Др.), не способны иметь антонимов. Не имеют антонимов имена собственные, имена числительные, большинство местоимений и др.