Предтекстовые упражнения

1. а) Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова:

local, regulation, central, adequate, tendency, symbol, normal, effective, check, reservation, nature, public, object, motor, extraordinary, vertical.

б) К. каким из вышеприведенных слов русскими эквива-- лентами являются слова:

возражать, характер, резервная полоса, двигатель, население (общественность), обычный, соответствующий, местный, задержка (остановка транспорта), правила движения, знак (дорожный), чрезвычайный (необыкновенный).

2. Вспомните значения следующих, английских слов и подберите к ним соответствующий перевод из правого столбца.

to exist 1. перекресток

urban 2. разрешение

driver 3. важный

junction 4. состояние, условие

solution 5. мост

cost 6. подъезжать

roundabout 7. существовать

segregation 8. экипаж

flyover 9. поток

pedestrian subway 10. сквозное движение

bridge ' 11. местный

through traffic 12. водитель

important 13. городской

to improve 14. избегать

condition 15. улучшать

local 16. примыкание, скрещение

to approach 17. стоимость

flow 18. разобщение, разделение

to avoid 19. пешеходный тоннель

vehicle 20. несчастный случай

accident 21. путепровод

22. круговое движение транс­порта

3. Прочтите текст. Определите, какие три основных вопроса освещаются в нем.

Text. Traffic Control

1) It is obvious that in existing urban areas much of the congestion is due to narrow streets and junctions which are incapable of taking peak-hour traffic. The solutions to this problem are costly. They include adequate roundabouts and street widening, and the segregation of traffic by means of flyover roads, underpasses, bridges, and pedestrian subways.

(2) Much of the congestion in urban areas is due to traffic which has no business in the area but is only passing through.

There is a tendency for drivers to keep to the well-lit shopping streets. If they can be made to use less important streets and those not occupied by shops, then conditions are improved not only for the through traffic but also for the local traffic.

3. Signposting is, of course, a directional control and a very effective one. In fact it is important for all signs and symbols used on the roads to be seen, well in advance, by drivers approaching at normal speed. Directional control cannot increase the capacity of the highway system but it can avoid local congestion.

4. One-way traffic is a special kind of directional control which is very effective in maintaining the traffic flow in congested areas.

5. A major cause of congestion in towns is the interruption to the free flow of traffic by cross traffic at junctions. But if the need for traffic streams to cross each other can be avoided then the movement of vehicles will be much easier. This easier movement of traffic can often be achieved by making traffic move in one direction only along certain streets and by prohibiting incoming vehicles from side streets from crossing the main stream. The streets may be either one-way or two-way according to local conditions of traffic or width of carriageway, and traffic at the junctions can be guided by constructing suitably-shaped islands. Besides one-way traffic can also be introduced where the carriageway width is in­ adequate for two opposing lines of traffic.

6. The disadvantages of a one-way traffic system are that it increases the distance' travelled by some vehicles, that it makes it more difficult for strangers to find their way about. The true aim of a one-way system is to eliminate cross traffic, and under conditions of continuous flow on crossing streets the introduction of a properly designed one­ way scheme can double the carrying capacity of the highways.

7. The two main objections to street intersections are that they are a cause of accidents and that they interrupt the flow of traffic. The best thing to do with intersections is to get rid of them. If that is not possible they may be im­proved and made safer but they will always remain a source of danger and delay.

8. Many accidents are caused because traffic streams of different types, or traffic streams travelling in different directions, are using the same carriageway, and these acci­dents can be avoided either by reservations between traffic lanes, or by vertical (or "grade") separation.

(9) In many cities in America and in Europe segregation of traffic is achieved by means of flyovers or underpasses; at some junctions there are even three different levels. Each has its advantages and disadvantages according to the circumstances. Flyover structures are not always aesthetically pleasing while an underpass may be more expensive to con­struct. The separation of fast and slow traffic from the heavier and faster traffic is most desirable not only in the interests of freedom of traffic movement, but also of safety. This ideal is not easy to achieve.

(10) Urban traffic control will be of benefit to the general public in the district concerned and will result in greater comfort for road users of all classes, as well as bringing eco­nomic advantages to the community as a whole.