Ib предтекстовые упражнения

1. Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова.

structural, technological, functions, zones, ordinary, effec­tive, thermal, economical, plastics, synthetic, textile, physical, mechanical, polymer, organic, complex, components.

2. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским терминам.

mass production 1. растягивающее напря-

prefabricated concrete ele- жение

ments 2. хрупкий

reinforced concrete ele- 3. теплопроводность

ments 4. строительная пло-

site щадка

tensile stress 5. жесткий

ccmpressive loads 6. смола

bending loads 7. массовое производ-

brittle ство

thermal conductivity 8. сжимающие нагрузки

volume weight 9. сборные бетонные эле-

rigid менты

resin 10. изгибающие нагрузки

11.объемный вес

12.железобетонные элементы

3. Прочтите текст. Укажите, в каких абзацах текста раскрывается смысл заголовка:

Text. The Choice of Material

(1)Which material can be used to the best advantage for a particular part of the building, depends as well on the kind of load to which it is subjected and on the shape of the part. That the development of the metallurgical and machine-build­ ing industry made possible mass production of prefabricated large-size concrete and reinforced-concrete structural elements is a well-known factor to influence the choice of materials. It is most advantageous to employ reinforced concrete in such structural elements. Using prefabricated or precast ele­ ments builders perform a considerable amount of building work not in situ but at a factory where highly organized and mechanized technological processes of production are practised.

(2)Reinforced concrete is a building material in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are advantageously utilized. Being brittle, concrete cannot withstand tensile stresses, and it cannot therefore be used in structures sub­jected to tensile stresses underload. But if steel is introduced into concrete it changes the property of the monolith.

Like any other stone material, concrete offers a good re­sistance to compressive loads. In service two oppositely direc­ted stresses appear in reinforced elements which can success­fully withstand bending loads.

(3) There are two kinds of reinforced concrete: with or dinary reinforcement and concrete with prestressed reinforce­ ment. To reinforce ordinary concrete structures is to introduce steel rods in stretched zones of concrete elements. Reinforced- concrete structures and elements are widely used both for residential houses and industrial buildings. Depending on the application of reinforced-concrete structures all kinds of concrete—heavy, light and heat insulating may be employed

(4) In many cases bricks too are very satisfactory for use in the construction. Bricks generally present a pleasing appearance and can be obtained with various qualities, col­ ours, and textures. Being of a high volume weight and high thermal conductivity, ordinary brick~~is not always satisfac­ tory in building practice. There are other kinds of bricks which are more effective, they are light-weight building bricks, hollow or porous bricks. Light-weight building bricks differ from ordinary clay bricks in a lower volume weight and lower thermal conductivity, and are therefore more economical than ordinary bricks.

(5)One of the most significant facts about both industry and building has been research on synthetics and plastics. Plastics have appeared comparatively recently but, owing to their inherent valuable and diverse properties, have found a wide application in many industrial fields (machine-building, aviation, textile industry, etc.). Application of plastics in the building field widens from year to year.

(6)In respect to physical and mechanical properties at a normal temperature of 20°C all plastics are divided into rig­ id, semi-rigid, soft and plastic. In respect to the number of constituents plastics may be classified as simple and complex.

Plastics consisting of one polymer are referred to as simple. Thus, organic glass (plexiglass) consists of one synthet­ ic resin. But in the building field we usually deal with com­ plex plastics, e.g. plastics consisting of a polymer and olhor components.