Упражнения

3. Используя слова с тем же корнем для понимания подберите к ним перевод из правого столбца

individual (1) (...) contribution (1) (...) commercial (2) (...) disperse (3) (...) assembling (3) (...) ingredients (4) (...) province (4) (...)

1. соединение, сосредото­чение 2. область, сфера деятель­ности 3. человек, личность 4 вклад 5 составные части 6. экономический, торго­вый 7. распространять

4. Укажите, какие из данных вопросов рассматриваются в тексте и в каких абзацах.

1. Why must the long-term "master plan" be not too detailed? 2. Why do good community plans need the con­tribution of experts in many fields? 3. What specific forms can be found in the contemporary city? 4. Why do lifeless community plans appear rather often? 5. Why are modern communities characterized by formlessness?

5. Дополните незаконченные предложения одним из данных вариантов (а, b, с, d) в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. The forms to be taken by communities...

a) ...need the contribution of experts in many fields. b) ...can never be the work of a single individual. c) ...must be decided before they are constructed. d) ...must be con­trolled by financial interests.

2. Too often community plans appear...

a) ...that could be distinguished from earlier towns. b) ..that are lifeless and mechanical. c) ...that are complex and enmeshed in statistics. d) ...that have no counterpart in any earlier civilization.

3. Long-term “master plans”…

a) ...must not be detailed. b) ...must be decided before they are constructed. c) ...do not derive solely from the ma­chine. d) ...are not confined to the provinces of engineering and architecture.

4. One cannot create an archetype for the modern city...

a) ...on the basis of existing facts and tendencies, b) ...from any existing example. c) ...by uncritically accepting all technological devices as essential ingredients. d) ...from the contributions of experts in many fields.

SECTION II

BUILDINGS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

А

Предтекстовые упражнения

1. Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова. Используйте их для по­нимания текста..

factor, classify, functions, modern, technology, politic­al, architect, proportion, concrete, techniques.

2. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским терминам и словосочетаниям.

standard of living

housing

managerial staff

prefabricated structures

present-day design

technological advance

office buildings

site planning

heating system

hot-water supply

washing machines

building industry

industrial construction

storage facilities

advantages

1. управленческий аппа­рат

2. строительная промы­шленность

3. промышленное строи­тельство

4. жилищное строитель­ство

5. жизненный уровень

6. сборные конструкции

7. современное проекти­рование

8. система отопления

9. горячее водоснабже­ние

10. стиральные машины

11. складские помещения

12. преимущества

13.планирование работ на

строительной пло­щадке

14. здания для учрежде­ний

15. технический прогресс

3. Прочтите текст. Укажите, какие абзацы текста рас­крывают содержание заголовка "Housing and Industrial Construction".

Text. Residential and Industrial Buildings

(1) In technically developed countries the building in­dustry, comprising skilled and unskilled workers in many trades, _building engineers and architects, managerial staff and designers employs a considerable proportion of the avail­able labour force.

(2) Building industry including residential public and industrial construction holds a considerable place in the National Economy and is being carried on a large scale. It is the -largest single industry in the country. The problems of construction have grown into major, political issues in most countries.

(3) Housing is prominent among the factors affecting the level of living. The improvement of the housing represents a concrete and visible rise in the general level of living. In many countries residential construction has constituted at least 12 per cent and frequently more than 25 per cent of all capital formation .

(4) The ever growing housing demands have brought to life new methods of construction with great emphasis upon standardization, new levels of technological advance utiliz­ing such techniques as offsite prefabrication, precutting, use of reinforced concrete panels and large-scale site planning. At present, prefabricated structures and precast elements may be classified into two principal groups —for residential houses and industrial buildings.

(5) Present-day designs for residential construction en­visage all modern amenities for a dwelling, they advocate larger, better built and better equipped flats and houses. There is a marked improvement in the heating and ventilating systems as well as in hot-water supply, kitchen and sanitary fittings. Many tenants now can afford better furnishings, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. A house which is a physical environment where a family develops is acquiring a new and modern look.

(6) Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction. This type of construction involves factories, laboratories, food processing plants, mines, office buildings, stores garages, hangars and other storage facilities, exhibitions halls, etc.

(7) Each of these functions demands its own structural solution and techniques. But in general they may be divided into two classes according whether the plan must give greater attention to the size and movement of machinery or of persons. The building techniques (by techniques we mean building materials and methods) depend upon the types of buildings.

(8) Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls and prefabricated standardized mass produced parts. Steel was gradually substituted for iron and permitted wider rooms and larger windows. Windows can be enlarged to the extent that they constitute a large fraction of the wall area.