Implement - инструмент
utensil - утварь
to remain - оставаться
scarce – редкий
to consider- полагать, рассматривать
tool - орудие
to recognize - узнавать
to tint - оттенять
dull - тусклый
to exist - существовать
to separate - отделять
Virtue - достоинство
to pound – толочь, отбивать
twist - изгибать
to carve - вырезать
to etch - гравировать
brass - латунь
II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
III. Answer the questions
What metal was discovered earlier: gold or copper?
When was copper used?
Where is copper found?
What discovery did the people make?
What did people discover later?
For how long did copper remain the only workable metal known?
Where were copper tools probably used?
What has a dull reddish-brown surface?
Where does most of the world’s copper exist?
What may be combined with iron?
What virtues does copper have?
IV. Complete the sentences
… it was used by Stone Age men.
Then they made the great discovery that ….
Then they started to mine for copper and ….
… in building the great Egyptian pyramids.
.It is a shining, silvery substance delicately tinted with pink that …
Most of the world’s copper exists in ….
This sulphide ore may be ….
… that of outlasting most other metals.
It is an excellent conductor of heat as ….
… to make such alloys as bronze and brass.
V. Agree or disagree with the following statements
Copper was used by Stone Age men.
Probably men first picked up the lumps because they were pretty.
Then people made the great discovery that copper could not be beaten into any shape.
The copper we generally see has a dull reddish-brown surface.
VI. Write down all the properties that copper has
VII. Retell the text “COPPER”
UNIT 2
LEXICAL MATERIAL: MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS
I. Read and translate the text
Modern Building Materials (part a)
Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.
Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials.
However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of products.
A brick is best described as a “building unit”. It may be made of clay by moulding and baking is kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. There exists a variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.
The brick may be securely handed by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with the first joints of the fingers on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks.
Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite, and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.
Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are granite, basalt, marble, limestone and sandstone.
Aluminium, principally in the form of various alloys is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing. Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc.